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Immunology > immunodeficiency > Flashcards

immunodeficiency Flashcards

1
Q

what is immunodeficiency

A

dysfunction/deficiency of one or more components of adaptive or innate immune system

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2
Q

what is immunosuppression

A

inhibition of one or more components of adaptive or innate immune system

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3
Q

match the condition with the most probable cause:
a. immunodeficiency
b. immunosuppression
1. iatrogenic
2. acquired or genetic

A

immunodeficiencies are usually acquired or genetic, which immunosuppression is often iatrogenic

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4
Q

what are primary immunodeficiencies

A

inherited genetic abnormalities that cause the deficiency of one or more components of the immune system.

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5
Q

examples of primary immunodeficiency

A

chediak-higashi syndrome

SCID

canine x-linked severe combined immunodeficiency

equine agammaglobulinemia

selective immunoglobulin A deficiencies in dogs

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6
Q

what causes SCID in arabian foals

A

mutation in DNA-dependent phosphokinase results in non-functional VDJ assembly and recombination, and TCRs are not assembled. Therefore, no functional T cells emigrate from the thymus. THIS IS A PRIMARY IMMUNODEFICIENCY

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7
Q

what is the pathogenesis of canine x-linked severe combined immunodeficiency

A

a mutation in the gene that codes for IL-2 and IL-4 receptors results in impaired lymphocyte proliferation, leading to atrophied lymph nodes and thymus

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8
Q

what is equine agammaglobulinemia

A

horses have a defective BTK enzyme, which is required for light-chain gene rearrangement in B cells to occur. As a result, the horse gets no antibodies (rip)

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9
Q

what is selective immunoglobulin A deficiency in dogs

A

an IgA deficiency common in shar peis.

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10
Q

what are the six different secondary (acquired) immunodeficiencies/immunosypressions?

A
  1. virus induced
  2. malnutrition induced
  3. exercise/stress induced
  4. drug/toxin induced
  5. microbial/parasitic induced
    6 age induced
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11
Q

what is an example of a viral induced immunosuppression

A

FIV

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12
Q

what are the five stages of FIV

A
  1. acute infection
  2. asymptomatic carrier
  3. persistent generalized lymphadenopathy
  4. AIDs-related complex (ARC)
  5. acqquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
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13
Q

after the development of ARC or AIDS, cats survive how long

A

less than one year

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14
Q

what main thing is lost as viral load of FIV/HIV goes up

A

CD4

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15
Q

malnutrition induced immunosuppression

A

starvation results in suppression of T cell, macrophages, and NK functions. lots of nutritional deficiencies (zn, vit D, vit E) can affect the immune system

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16
Q

exercise induced immunosuppression

A

overtraining/ stress leads to increased cortisol, can impact antibody levels

17
Q

drug induced immunosuppression

A

corticosteroids and cytotoxic/chemotherapeutic drugs cause immunosuppresion

18
Q

what are the four types of drug therapies for cancer

A

chemotherapies

hormonal therapies

targeted therapies

immunotherapies

19
Q

immunotherapeutic agents aim to stimulate ____

A

leukocytes

20
Q

how do chemotherapeutic and immunotherapeutic drugs work synergistically

A

chemo kills rapidly dividing cells, which releases tumor antigens. immuno stimulates leukocytes to find these released tumor antigens and prime an anti-tumor immune response

21
Q

what are monoclonal antibodies used for in vetmed

A

B-cell lymphoma, T-cell lymphoma, atopic dermatitis, osteoarthritis, canine parvovirus. Mostly for dogs

22
Q

what is tolerance

A

immunological unresponsiveness to an antigen (tolerogen)

23
Q

what is autoimmunity

A

breakdown in tolerance to self antigens leading to an adaptive immune response to self

24
Q

what are two ways tolerance is acheived

A
  • negative selection (exclusion) of self reactive T and B cells
  • T regulatory function
25
Q

what is central tolerance

A

clonal deletion or negative selection during initial B and T cell development

26
Q

what is peripheral tolerance

A

acitvation of induced cell death if a B or T cell has a signal 2 response to an auto-antigen but no signal 1

anergy if there is no co-stimulation

27
Q

tolerogens vs immunogens

A

tolerogens:
- present in generative organs
- no second signal in costimulation
- longlived

Immunogens:
- not in generative organs
- give costimulation (second signal)
- shortlived

28
Q

three reasons for autoimmunity

A
  1. genetic predisposition
  2. environmental triggers
  3. other factors (hormones, stress, neoplasia)
29
Q

what are some mechanism of autoimmunity

A

-autoreactive T cells get out of thymus
- failure of peripheral tolerance
- release of sequestered antigen
-polyclonal activation
-molecular mimicry

30
Q

what is genetic predisposition of autoimmunity linked to

A

MHC alleles with inbreeding

31
Q

what are some environmental triggers of autoimmunity

A

inflammation
infection
drugs
UV

32
Q

what is a sequestered antigen

A

antigens that cannot interact with immune system during development as they are anatomically sequestered. lymphocytes specific for sequestered antigens are not deleted

33
Q

what is molecular mimicry

A

sequence similarities between foreign and self-peptides is sufficient to result in cross activation of autoreactive T or B cells by pathogen derived peptides

34
Q

what is poly clonal activation

A

T cells unrelated to antigen being presented get activated

35
Q

what is the autoimmune component to diabetes mellitus

A

CTLs infiltrate the pancrease and activate macrophages, then autoantibodies are released, leading to complement activation or ADCC by NK cells. eventually this leads to a DTH response in which there is an autoimmune attack against beta cells in the pancreas

36
Q
A

Immunology (18 decks)

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