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Immunology > 2 - Anat & Physio > Flashcards

2 - Anat & Physio Flashcards

1
Q

what do hematopoietic stem cells have the ability to do

A

ability to differentiate into many types of blood cells (production of all blood cells)

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2
Q

what do all red and white blood cells develop from during hematopoiesis

A

pluripotent HSC

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3
Q

where does hematopoiesis occur in adult vertebrates

A

in the bone marrow

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4
Q

where does hematopoiesis occur in the fetus

A

in fetal liver

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5
Q

within the bone marrow, HSCs are constantly ______ and directed to differentiate into major types of _______ ________

A

within the bone marrow, HSCs are constantly renewed and directed to differentiate into major types of progenitor cells

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6
Q

3 major types of progenitor cells

A

common myeloid progenitor cells (myeloid leukocytes)

common lymphoid progenitor cells

common erythroid progenitor cells

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7
Q

what cells do common myeloid progenitor cells differentiate into

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, mast cells

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8
Q

what cells do common lymphoid progenitor cells differentiate into?

A

B and T lymphocytes
Natural Killer (NK) cells

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9
Q

what cells do common erythroid progenitor cells differentiate into

A

erythrocytes, platelets

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10
Q

what process allows myeloid progenitor cells to differentiate into neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils

A

granulopoiesis

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11
Q

what process allows myeloid cells to differentiate into monocytes and macrophages

A

monocytopoiesis

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12
Q

what process allows myeloid progenitor cells to differentiate into erythrocytes

A

erythropoiesis

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13
Q

what process allows myeloid progenitor cells to differentiate into megakaryocytes and platelets

A

thrombopoiesis

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14
Q

what process allows lymphoid progenitor cells to differentiate into lymphocytes and plasma cells

A

Lymphopoiesis

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15
Q

granulopoiesis allows myeloid progenitor cells to differentiate into….

A

neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils

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16
Q

monocytopoiesis allows myeloid progenitor cells to differentiate into…

A

monocytes and macrophages

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17
Q

erythropoiesis allows myeloid progenitor cells to differentiate into…

A

erythrocytes

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18
Q

thrombopoiesis allows myloid progenitor cells to differentiate into…

A

megakaryocytes and platelets

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19
Q

lymphopoiesis allows lymphoid progenitor cells to differentiate into

A

lymophocytes and plasma cells

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20
Q

4 main groups of hematopoietic growth factors

A
  • colony stimulating factors (CSF)
  • erythropoietin
  • il-7, il-15
  • inflammatory mediators
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21
Q

what is the function of colony stimulating factors (CSF)

A

induce myeloid lineage

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22
Q

what is the function of erythropoietin

A

regulates the production of erythrocytes

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23
Q

what is the function of IL-7 and IL-15

A

induce lymphoid lineage

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24
Q

what is the function of inflammatory mediators

A

favour neutrophil production

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25
Q

the function of microenvironment

A

meshwork of stromal cells support hematopoietic cell growth and differentiation

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26
Q

what types of cells are contained within the microenvironment

A

fibroblasts, adipocytes (fat cells), endothelial cells, macrophages

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27
Q

what is the microenvironment

A

cellular matrix with membrane bound diffusible growth factor

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28
Q

what are neutrophils also called

A

polymorphonucleocytes (PMNs) - multilobulated nucleus

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29
Q

what are neutrophils called in birds and reptiles

A

heterophils

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30
Q

classification of neutrophils

A

granulocyte, phagocyte

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31
Q

lineage of neutrophils

A

myeloid

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32
Q

appearance of neutrophils

A

segmented, granular

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33
Q

location in health of neutrophils

A

blood (mostly)

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34
Q

neutrophils lifespan in health

A

48-72 hours

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35
Q

primary function of neutrophils

A

antimicrobial effectors (particularly in acute infection)

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36
Q

mechanism of action of neutrophils

A

phagocytosis/degranulation of antimicrobial peptides and toxic metabolites (azurophilic and specific granules)/ NET formation

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37
Q

describe the appearance of neutrophils

A

multinucleate and granules

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38
Q

what forms pus

A

dead neutrophils and bacteria

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39
Q

eosinophil classification

A

granulocyte

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40
Q

eosinophil lineage

A

myeloid

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41
Q

appearance of eosinophils

A

Bi-lobed nucleus, eosinophilic cytoplasmic granules (staining red with eosin)

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42
Q

Location of eosinophils in health

A

blood and tissue lining gastrointestinal tract and airways

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43
Q

eosinophil lifespan in health

A

days- weeks

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44
Q

primary function of eosinophils

A

anti-parasitic effectors particularly in helminthic infection

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45
Q

eosinophil mechanism of action

A

degranulation/ limited phagocytosis

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46
Q

role of eosinophils

A

defense against helminths, allergic response (amplify Th-2 response)

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47
Q

what do activated eosinophils release

A

preformed and stored toxic molecules (major basic protein(MBP), eosinophilic cationic protein, eosinophil-derived neurotoxin –> all cause severe tissue damage

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48
Q

what do eosinophils synthesize

A

prostaglandins, leukotrienes and cytokines (amplify reactions but have collateral damage and positive feedback resulting in death of cells

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49
Q

describe the physical interaction of eosinophils

A

ability to attach and produce pores and nematodes

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50
Q

classification of basophils

A

granulocyte

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51
Q

basophil lineage

A

myeloid

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52
Q

appearance of basophils

A

bi-lobed nucleus, purple-blue cytoplasmic granules

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53
Q

location in health of basophils

A

blood (0.5)

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54
Q

lifespan of basophils

A

days

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55
Q

primary function of basophils

A

mediator of inflammation

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56
Q

basophil mechanism of action

A

degranulation/synthesis and release of pro inflammatory mediators

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57
Q

basophil roles

A

non-phagocytic cells, anti-helminthic defense, allergic reactions

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58
Q

what cells do basophils often act in concert with

A

mast cells and eosinophils

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59
Q

what do basophils contain

A

granule mediators similar to those in mast cells

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60
Q

why are neutrophils tissue damaging and antimicrobial

A

release proteases, antimicrobials and histamine(pro-inflammatory)

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61
Q

function and examples of proteases

A

elastase and collagenase: tissue remodelling

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62
Q

examples of antimicrobials

A

defensins and lysozymes

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63
Q

classification of monocytes

A

mononuclear phagocyte

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64
Q

monocyte lineage

A

myeloid

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65
Q

monocyte appearance

A

large, indented nucleus, diffuse pale blue-grey staining cytoplasm

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66
Q

monocyte location in health

A

blood (2-10%)

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67
Q

lifespan of monocytes

A

days (in circulation)

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68
Q

primary function of monocytes

A

precursors of macrophages and dendritic cells (perpetually replenish tissue with these two cells)

69
Q

monocyte mechanism of action

A

limited antimicrobial function in blood

70
Q

where are monocytes rapidly recruited

A

inflamed tissues

71
Q

macrophage classification

A

mononuclear phagocyte/ sentinel cell/ antigen presenting cell

72
Q

macrophage lineage

A

myeloid

73
Q

macrophage appearance

A

round nucleus, clear-vacuolated cytoplasm, irregular cell shape

74
Q

macrophage location in health

A

peripheral tissue

75
Q

lifespan of macrophages

A

months

76
Q

primary function of monocytes

A

immune surveillance, moderate antimicrobial capacity, LIMITED antigen presentation, tissue remodelling ** critical in healing (clean up crew)mo

77
Q

macrophage mechanism of action

A

detection of threats and release of inflammatory mediators/phagocytosis/enddocytosis

78
Q

compare macrophage phagocytosis vs antigen presenting capabilities

A

BEST at phagocytosis, LIMITED antigen presentation

79
Q

macrophages in connective tissue

A

histocytes

80
Q

macrophages in liver

A

kupffer cells

81
Q

macrophages in spleen

A

splenic macrophages

82
Q

macrophage equivalents in the CNS

A

microglial cells

83
Q

macrophages in airways

A

alveolar macrophages

84
Q

macrophages in peritoneal cavity

A

peritoneal macrophage

85
Q

macrophages in bone

A

osteoblasts

86
Q

macrophage roles

A

immune surveillance, immune activation and immune effector function

87
Q

describe macrophages role in immune activation

A

release cytokines and chemokines after activation; acute phase response

88
Q

describe macrophage role in immune effector function

A
  • phagocyte - engulf and destroy pathogens
  • trapping of pathogens in granulomas
  • remove dead/damaged cells
89
Q

classification of dendritic cells

A

sentinel cell/ antigen presenting cell

90
Q

dendritic cell lineage

A

myeloid

91
Q

dendritic cell appearance

A

round nucleus, clear cytoplasm, irregular shape with long branched projections (dendrites)

92
Q

dendritic cell location in health

A

tissue

93
Q

dendritic cell lifespan

A

months (long lived!)

94
Q

dendritic cell primary function

A

immune surveillance, antigen presentation (innate and adaptive bridge)

95
Q

dendritic cell mechanism of action

A

threat detection and release of inflammatory mediators/ endocytosis (phagocytosis)

96
Q

what are APCs, which cells are considered these

A

Potent antigen presenting cells: after capturing antigen by phagocytosis, migrate to lymphoid organs where they present antigens to T-lymphocytes, express many pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

Dendritic cells! - these are the best at antigen presenting!!

97
Q

Langerhans cells are..

A

dendritic cells in skin: epidermis and mucous membrane

98
Q

interstitial dendritic cells reside in…

A

organs: ex. heart, lung, liver, kidney, GI

99
Q

interdigitating dendritic cells are

A

T-cell areas of secondary lymphoid tissue and thymus

100
Q

Mast cell lineage

A

myeloid

101
Q

mast cell appearance

A

round nucleus, cytoplasm is densely packed with granules (purple)

102
Q

mast cell location in health

A

tissue, particularly connective tissue surrounding vasculature and nerves + lamina propria of the mucosa

103
Q

lifespan of mast cells

A

weeks- months

104
Q

primary function of mast cells

A

immune surveillance, mediator of inflammation and allergy

105
Q

mast cell mechanism of action

A

detection of threats and release of inflammatory mediators (vasoactive amines) via degranulation or synthesis of lipid mediators and cytokines

106
Q

describe degranulation of mast cells

A

short time to release granules (can produce inflammation within seconds to minutes) because granules are preformed

107
Q

describe the purple cytoplasmic granules of mast cells

A
  • potent inflammatory mediators rapidly released
    -histamine: vascular dilation and permeability (inflammation)
  • proteases: cause tissue dmg
108
Q

What molecules are produced and SLOWLY released by mast cells

A
  • arachadonic acid metabolites: leukotrienes, prostaglandins, platelet- activation factor
  • cytokines: TNF-alpha, IL-6,IL4,IL5,IL13
109
Q

mast cells have a surface expression receptor for…

A

IgE: allergens binding to IgE trigger degranulation and allergic response

110
Q

Natural killer cells are also known as…

A

Null lymphocytes, large granular lymphocytes

111
Q

Natural killer cells are classified as

A

lymphocyte

112
Q

natural killer cell lineage

A

lymphoid

113
Q

natural killer cell appearance

A

large lymphoid cell, round nucleus, azurophilic cytoplasmic granules (granzyme, perforins)

114
Q

nautral killer cell location in health

A

blood, spleen

115
Q

lifespan of natural killer cells

A

weeks-months

116
Q

primary function of natural killer cells

A

destruction of virally infected or abnormal (tumor) host cells

117
Q

natural killer cell mechanism of action

A

recognition of virally infected or abnormal host cells and targeted release of cytotoxic granules

118
Q

NK cell roles

A
  • kill tumor and virus infected cells
  • monitors expression of MHC 1 (self marker) (kills cells with low MHC 1/ altered MHC 1 expression
  • induced apoptosis
    releases enzymes that punch holes in cell membrane (granzyme/ perforins)
119
Q

T/F: NK cells lack immunologic specificity and memory

A

true!

120
Q

where do NK cells mature

A

secondary lymphoid tissues

121
Q

location of lymphocytes

A

blood (20-40& of WBCs), lymph (99% of WBCs)
- lymph nodes, spleen, mucosal lymphoid tissue

122
Q

lymphocyte 3 main subtypes

A

T-cells (T-lymphocytes)
B cells (B-lymphocytes)
Null cells (NK cells)(innate)

123
Q

where do B-cells originate and differentiate

A

originate in bone marrow, differentiate in Bone Marrow

124
Q

where do T cells originate and differentiate

A

originate: bone marrow
differentiate: thymus

125
Q

when are lymphocytes naive up until

A

naive until they encounter specific antigens in peripheral lymploid organs (educated but need to find antigen to mature)

126
Q

what do T lymphocytes (T cells) differentiate into

A

CD4+ or CD8+ T cells

127
Q

where do CD4 and CD8+ cells reside

A

paracortex of lymphnodes and periarteriolar sheath in spleen

128
Q

60-70% of circulating lymphocytes are…

A

T-cells!

129
Q

Helper T-cell function q

A

(Th-cells)(CD4+) activate B cells and macrophages

130
Q

cytotoxic T-cell function

A

(Tc-cells)(CD8+) kill virus infected cells, cancer cells

131
Q

membrane T-cell receptors (TCR) function

A

only recognize one antigen bound to an MHC 1/II molecule

132
Q

regulatory T-cells (Teg-cells) (typically CH4+)

A

dampen (immune?) responce

133
Q

memory T cell function

A

(CH4+ and CD8+) important for vaccines, live for years

134
Q

B cells/ B lymphocytes are named after…

A

bird B cells that mature in the bursa of Fabricius

135
Q

where do B cells mature in mammals

A

Bone marrow

136
Q

where do B cells reside

A

follicles in cortex of lymph node, white pulp of spleen, tonsils and GI tract

137
Q

what percentage of circulating lymphocytes are B-cells

A

10-20%

138
Q

where are B cell receptors found, what do they interact with

A

B cell receptors are membrane bound antibodies, they interact with antigens and T cells to become activated

139
Q

activated B cells mature into…

A

Plasma cells and memory B cells

140
Q

function of plasma cells

A

produce antibodies

141
Q

examples of antibodies that plasma cells produce

A

IgM, IgA, IgG, IgE

142
Q

where do plasma cells reside

A

tissues or lymphoid organs: medulla of lymph nodes, bone marrow, mucosal associated lymphoid tissue

143
Q

which arm of the immune system are plasma cells responsible for

A

humoral arm of the adaptive immune system

144
Q

what percentage of total leukocytes do neutrophils account for

A

50-70%

145
Q

what percentage do monocytes account for in total leukocytes

A

10%

146
Q

normal or not normal: lack of neutrophils in a blood smear

A

not normal, will become prone to infection

147
Q

cyclic neutropenia is caused by a mutation in which gene

A

gene encoding the protein AP3beta1: interrupts trafficking of certain proteins needed during some stages of hematopoiesis (particular myeloid)

148
Q

what happens in cyclic neutropenia in gray collies

A

cycles of neutrophil depletion that coincide with increased susceptibility to many types of infections, especially bacterial infections

149
Q

describe primary lymphoid organs

A

sites for lymphocyte development and maturation (lymphocytes become immuno-competent)

150
Q

name 2 sites of primary lymphoid organs in mammals and one in birds

A

Thymus
Bone Marrow
Bursa of Fabricius (Birds)

151
Q

describe secondary lymphoid organs

A

peripheral: site for trap antigen and mature lymphocytes interact to mount the immune response

152
Q

name 3 secondary lymphoid organs

A

lymph nodes, spleen, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

153
Q

where does hematopoiesis begin in embryos

A

yolk sac and aorta-gonad-mesoneprhos

154
Q

where can mature HSC in fetus’ be isolated from

A

yolk sac, placenta and liver

155
Q

are HSCs found in the bone marrow early or late in fetal development

A

late

156
Q

when do HSCs populate the bone marrow

A

post natally

157
Q

in the bone marrow, where can hematopoietic precurssor cells be found

A

enmeshed in a fine stromal network with small pockets of concentrated growth factors

158
Q

where do B lymphocytes develop and mature?

A

in bone marrow stromal cells

159
Q

what is the significance of stromal cells

A

facilitate hematopoietic stem cells proliferation, direct migration and differentiation

160
Q

where does b cell maturation also occur for cattle and sheep mostly

A

ileal peyer;s patches

161
Q

describe the location of development and maturation of T cells

A

develop initially in bone marrow then migrate to thymus to achieve full maturity

162
Q

compare development of thymocytes in the thymic cortex vs medulla

A

cortex of thymus: matures and selects for immunocompetent T cells
medulla of thymus: involved in secondary T cell selection

163
Q

immunological significance of the Bursa of Fabricius in birds

A

confirms B cell immunocompetence

164
Q

significance of secondary lymphoid organs

A

where the immune response is initiated: lymphocytes encounter antigens, become activated, undergo clonal expansion and differentiate into effector cells

165
Q

where do lymphatics drain to

A

thoracic duct, subclavian vein and heart

166
Q

in lymphnodes, what is the B cell zone

A

follicle along the CORTEX

167
Q

in lymphocytes, what is the T cell zone

A

PARACORTEX

168
Q

where are macophages and dendritic cells located in lymphnodes

A

in the inner most medulla

Immunology (18 decks)

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