Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Immunology > 14 - Vaccine (Steph) > Flashcards

14 - Vaccine (Steph) Flashcards

1
Q

what is a vaccine

A

pharmacological formulation which can stimulate the immune system and include a highly controlled and predictable immune response against a given (usually infectious) disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

purpose of a vaccine

A

Purpose is usually prophylaxis (= to prevent):
- provide relative or absolute immunity to a given disease for preventing at least
development of clinical signs of disease when exposed to the authentic agent
- should have short or better long-lasting effect, ideally life-long
- without inducing severe side effects or disease associated with agent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

minimal components of a vaccine

A

specific component: antigen (immunogen)
Unspecific components: adjuvant, solvents, preservatives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is an adjuvant

A

agent that costimulates the immune system and increases the response to a vaccine, without having any specific antigenic effect in itself (danger signals/damps)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the purpose of an adjuvant

A

accelerate, prolong, and enhance antigen-specific immune responses when used in combination with specific vaccine antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what should adjuvant trigger

A

innate immune system, DCs and T-cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

effects wanted from an adjuvant

A
  • improve delivery adn uptake of Ag by APCs
  • depot and slow release
  • act as DAMP
    -induce inflammation (recruit more APCs)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Types of adjuvant

A

Neutral liposomes, microspheres, mineral salts, cationic liposomes, ISCOM, water and oil emulsions, PRR Agonists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

describe an anamnestic/secondary response (aka when you get a booster vaccine)

A
  • much faster, much more efficient
  • at least humoral, ideally
    also (memory) T-cell component
  • amount of antibodies is surrogate marker
  • (neutralizing Abs can be key)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

ultimate goal of vaccines

A

Induction of immunological memory,
in form of antigen-specific memory cells
- humoral, plasma cells
- if possible, also effector T-cells, memory T-cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

why is herd immunity of less than 100% efficacy okay

A
  • chain of infection is disrupted
  • provides protection for individuals who cannot develop immunity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the minimum efficacy needed to achieve herd immunity

A

> 90% (85-95%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the classical approach to immunization

A

Primary immunization
a) killed vaccine: 2-3 applications
2 times short (e.g. 0, 4 weeks)
3 rd long (6-12 months)
this is basic/primary immunization
booster every 3-5 (10) years
b) live vaccine, 1 shot might do it…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

why do you need boosters

A

a) no good memory effect
b) agent changes all the time
c) (iatrogenic) non-responders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

active vaccine

A

Killed: inactivated agent/toxin, or recombinant protein, vector vaccine

live: attenuated, replication competent but no major virulence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

passive vaccine

A

application of immunoglobulin/hyper-immunoglobulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

pros of active vaccine

A

works immediately, also in immunosupressed individuals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

cons of passive vaccine

A

only humoral immunity
only transiently (weeks/months)
side effects low (risk of anaphylaxis)
infection risk (blood products)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

do active vaccines work immediately

A

no, they work after some delay

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

pros of a killed vaccine

A

compatibility good/easy to handle
may contain ‘toxic’ compounds (adjuvant!)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

cons of killed vaccine

A

multiple applications needed
only/mainly humoral immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

pros of a live vaccine

A

longtime protection (sometimes lifetime)

single application plus (few) booster
humoral and cellular immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

cons of a live vaccine

A

danger of failure/infection (they have to replicate, cold chain,
revertants)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what conditions warrant delivery of preformed antibodies

A

– immune deficiency
– toxin or venom exposure with
immediate threat to life
– exposure to pathogens that can cause
death faster than an effective immune
response can develop (post-exposure,
PEP)

25
Q

what can delivery of pre-formed antibodies lead to

A

type 1 or type 3 sensitivity

26
Q

name some differnt types of vaccine

A
  • live (attenuated)
  • inactivated/killed
  • toxoid
  • subunit/component
  • conjugate
  • recombinant (vector)
  • DNA
  • mRNA (very new)
27
Q

what is a live attenuated vaccine

A

weakened pathogens

28
Q

pros of live attenuated vaccine

A

» retain their ability to replicate, promoting
both humoral and cell-mediated responses
» often do NOT need boosters

29
Q

cons of live attenuated vaccine

A
  • may mutate back (revert) to pathogenic
    form
  • may have more side-effect complications
  • may also require a “cold chain” for
    stability during transport
    Live attenuated vaccines
30
Q

what are inactivated or killed vaccines

A

heated or chemically treated to inactivate

31
Q

pros of inactivated/killed vaccine

A
  • no reversion to pathogenic form
  • often more stable/easy to store and transport
32
Q

cons of inactivated or killed vaccines

A

» require booster shots
» don’t replicate in host, so often don’t induce cell-
mediated immunity (humoral mainly/only)
» adjuvants often required
» (potentially dangerous if not all pathogen is
killed/inactivated)

33
Q

what are marker vaccines used for

A

only in vetmed, used to differentiate infected from vaccinated animals by using ELISA

34
Q

what is the problem with marker vaccines

A

not 100% effective, mixture of vaccinated and infected animals possible; animals that spread the virus should be eliminated

35
Q

what are subunit/component vaccines

A

purified macromolecules derived from antigen
– inactivated exotoxins/toxoids
– inactivated capsular polysaccharides
– inactivated surface glycoproteins (or recombinant
protein Ag)
– recombinantly expressed protein

36
Q

pros of subunit/component vaccines

A

no reversion to pathogenic form
» often more stable/easy to store and transport

37
Q

cons ofsubunit/component vaccines

A

require booster shots
» don’t replicate in host, so often don’t induce cell-
mediated immunity (humoral mainly/only)
» adjuvants often required
» (potentially dangerous if not all pathogen is
killed/inactivated)

38
Q

what are recombinant vector vaccines

A

use unrelated vector to deliver part of pathogen (carry another pathogens genes and express them but no replication in host)

39
Q

cons of recombinant vector vaccines

A

– Cons:
» some of the attenuated vaccine
problems are still present (especially
stability issues)

40
Q

pros of recombinant vector vaccines

A

» some benefits of attenuated vaccines
» fewer risks―not using the actual
pathogen, but something else entirely

41
Q

DNA vaccine

A

plasmids carrying pathogen genes injected into muscle tissues
- host cells take up DNA and express it internlly –> provides Ag presentation via MHC class I, stimulating CTL production

42
Q

pros of DNA vaccine

A

» induces humoral and cell-mediated
immunity
» very stable and customizable

43
Q

cons of DNA vaccine

A

has not worked well so far LOL

44
Q

mRNA vaccines

A

synthetic mRNA encoding immunogenic proteins of pathogens, packaged in particles for delivery

45
Q

How do mRNA vaccines work

A

Host cells take up mRNA delivered in particles and express it
internally
» provides Ag presentation via MHC class I, stimulating CTL production;
also MHC class II, targeting DCs
» mRNA immunogenicity, instability and inefficiency had to be
overcome

46
Q

pros of mRNA vacciens

A

» induces humoral and cell-mediated immunity
» no infection context, can be easily adapted/changed
» very effective, very high response rates

47
Q

cons of mRNA vaccines

A

stability issues (mostly overcome)
– duration of immune response likely as dead vaccines

48
Q

conjugate or multivalent vaccines

A

some molecules aren’t
strong enough Ag on
their own to stimulate a
good response
(e.g. sugars!; B1 B cells)
* couple them with
something else (protein)
that is immunogenic

49
Q

vaccination recommendations for cats and dogs

A

frequency of vaccination depends on lifestyle of the pet, and each individual pet vaccination plan is decided by owners at routine annual examinations

50
Q

what are canine core vaccines and some exam

A

core vaccines are recommended for all dogs with unknown vaccination history. They are for diseases that have significant morbidity and mortality (distemper, adenovirus, rabies)

51
Q

what are canine non-core vaccines

A

are optional and generally less effective (bortadella, leptospiria borellia)

52
Q

what is important about feline vaccination guidelines

A

vaccine associated sarcomas are common so minimze frequency of vaccination in cat

53
Q

what are some considerations to make if there are pre-existing antibodies when vaccinating

A

can interfere with vaccinations, in particular with live vaccines

54
Q

side effects of vaccinations

A

redness, swelliing, pain injection area, elevated temperature, common cold, muscle pain

55
Q

rate of unwanted adverse effects of vaccines

A

1:2,000,000 vaccinations

56
Q

why was measles not eliminated

A
  • failure to immunize enough
  • importation of measles
57
Q

what are features of an effective vacccine

A

safe: vaccine itself must not cause illness or death

protective: vaccine must protect against illness resulting from exposure to live pathogen

Gives sustained protection: protection must last for several years

Induces neutralizing antibody: some pathogens infect cells that cant be replaced, neutralizing AB is essential to prevent infection of these cells

induces protective t-cells:

Practical considerations: low cost

58
Q
A

Immunology (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions