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Immunology > 16 - Hypersensitivity (Nicole) > Flashcards

16 - Hypersensitivity (Nicole) Flashcards

1
Q

Hypersensitivity reactions are balances between

A

Self and non-self

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2
Q

4 types of hypersensitivity reactions

A

Type 1, type 2, type 3, type 4

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3
Q

A hypersensitivity reaction is a

A

Exaggerated immune response that causes host damage exceeding damage caused by inciting antigen or pathogen, and requires pre-sensitization of host

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4
Q

Hypersensitivity reactions cause reproducible

A

Clinical signs initiated by exposure to an antigen at a dose that is tolerated in normal animals

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5
Q

Most important physiological feature of Type 1 reactions

A

Antigen interacts with IgE bound to mast cells (or basophils)

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6
Q

Does immediate hypersensitivity continue for long periods?

A

It does have a late phase influenced by cytokine activity characterized by infiltration of eosinophils, macrophages, neutrophils, and T cells, but will be gone after 1 day

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7
Q

What happens in allergies with cross-linking

A

At second encounter with antigen, mast cell receptors cross-link to antigen, creating strong activation that starts degranulation. If you don’t have an allergy, NO cross-linking

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8
Q

Name 3 clinical characteristics of allergy

A

Increased vasodilation - histamine & PGF-2a
Increased vascular permeability - histamine, PGF2a,leukotrienes
Smooth muscle spasm-histamine, pGF2a, leukotriones
Cellular infiltration - cytokines, leukotrienes, granule associated chemotactic factors

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9
Q

Do the clinical signs of allergy change depending on where the antigen gets in?

A

Yes - ingestion might lead to vomiting, diarrhea, anaphylaxis whereas inhalation leads to allergic rhinitis or bronchspasm

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10
Q

Cutaneous anaphylaxis clinical signs

A

Pruritus (redness), hyperemia, angioedema

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11
Q

Cardiovascular anaphlyaxis clinical signs

A

Hypotension

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12
Q

Anaphylaxis respiratory clinical signs

A

Bronchospasm, laryngeal edema, dyspnoea

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13
Q

What theory has been advanced to explain increases in allergy incidence?

A

Hygiene hypothesis - proposes that exposure to some pathogens early in life provides a better T-cell balance

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14
Q

What explains why countries with improved hygiene are experiencing increases in asthma and allergy rates

A

Hygiene hypothesis

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15
Q

Type 2 hypersensitivity reactions have IgG or IgM directed against

A

Self antigens

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16
Q

3 basic antibody mediated mechanisms

A
  1. Opsonization and increased phagocytosis
  2. Complement mediated and Fc-receptor mediated cell cytotoxicity
  3. Antibody-mediated dysfunction
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17
Q

Sequestered antigen

A

Cannot interact with immune system during development as they are anatomically sequestered - lymphocytes specific for sequester antigens are not deleted (eye, CNS, joints)

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18
Q

Disease associated with type 3 hypersensitivity q

A

Myasthenia gravis

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19
Q

IMHA

A

Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia - results during type 2 hypersensitivity

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20
Q

Serum sickness is associated with which type of hypersensitivity

A

3

21
Q

Is it problematic when antibodies are in excess, antigens are in excess, or when there’s equivalence (type 3 hypersensitivity)

A

Equivalence - forms complexes that are not soluble

22
Q

Type 3 hypersensitivity: immune complex formation and deposition in tissue eliciting

A

Acute inflammatory response

23
Q

Formation and deposition of immune complexes depends on

A

High antigenic load, size complexes, and mononuclear phagocyte’s ability to remove efficiently

24
Q

Immune complexes deposit locally or systemically: examples

A

Vasculitis - in vessels
arthritis - in joints
glomerulonephritis - in renal glomeruli

25
Q

Delayed type hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by

A

Sensitized T lymphocytes (CD4+ and CD8+)

26
Q

Delayed type hypersensitivity reactions are elicited by

A

Intracellular microbes, viruses, fungi, Protozoa, and parasites & can include contact hypersensitivities

27
Q

Most common type 4 hypersensitivity reaction

A

Poison ivy contact dermatitis

28
Q

Tuberculin skin test

A

Tests for tuberculosis where you inject M. Bovis into the skin, then read after 72 hours (delayed)

29
Q

Type 1-4 immune reactant

A

1: IgE
2: IgG
3: IgG
4: Th1 cells or CTL

30
Q

Example of rxn Type 1-4

A

1: allergic rhinitis, asthma, anaphylaxis
2: autoimmune diseases
3: serum sickness, Arthrus reaction
4: Delayed-type hypersensitivity or Contact Dermatitis

31
Q

T or F: Can penicillin induce all four types of hypersensitivities under the correct circumstances for each

A

True

32
Q

What are you replenishing when you give a blood transfusion

A

RBCs, platelets, clotting factors

33
Q

Why give a blood transfusion?

A

Hemorrhage, immune mediated processes, IMHA, IMTC (thrombocytopenia)

34
Q

Underlying symptoms that may lead to need for blood transfusions

A

Anemia, bleeding, micro-hemorrhages, macro-hemorrhages

35
Q

Severe immune reactions happen in blood transfusions after

A

A Preceding transfusion

36
Q

Cats - blood transfusions situations

A

A, B, AB blood types with naturally occurring antibodies - strong transfusion reactions

37
Q

Dogs - blood transfusion situation

A

Main blood type - DEA-1 with no also antibodies. But have antibodies on all secondary challenges

38
Q

Horses blood transfusion situation

A

Transfusions are rare

39
Q

What is neonatal isoerythrolyosis

A

In horses, horses are exposed during first delivery & then in second pregnancy: antibodies in colostrum kill RBC in newborns

  • transfusion reaction to colostrum intake
40
Q

2 types of transfusion reactions

A

Hemolytic vs non-hemolytic

41
Q

Non-hemolytic transfusion reaction

A

Type 1 hypersensitivity - plus fever

Rarer

42
Q

Hemolytic transfusion reaction

A

Hemolytic - binds to Ag on RBC surface
-leads to MAC production & direct lysis & opsinization

Can occur acutely, delayed, or several weeks later

43
Q

Different types of blood typing

A

Blood typing cards, typing gels, or membrane dipsticks

44
Q

Why is cross matching safer

A

Transfusion reactions can occur with same blood type blood groups so screening before you do it leads to more accurate typing.

  • does not take up delayed and non-hemolytic reactions
45
Q

Saline-agglutination types of cross matching

A

Major and minor

46
Q

What does a major cross match test for

A

Uses recipient serum plus donor RBCs to test for existing alloantibodies, produced antibodies

MORE IMPORTANT ONE

47
Q

Minor cross match tests for

A

Uses donor serum plus recipient RBCs to test for alloantibodies in donor serum

48
Q

When cross matching, what are you looking for?

A

Hemolysis and agglutination

49
Q

If there’s agglutination, should you use that donor?

A

NO!

Immunology (18 decks)

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