Immuno. III - Week 2 (Connective Tissue Diseases) Flashcards
Define Sjogren’ Syndrome
An autoimmune disease in which salivary and tear glands are destroyed, causing eye and mouth dryness.
What is the criteria to diagnose Sjogren’s Syndrome?
- Positive for anti-SSA, anti-SSB, RF
- Focal lymphocytic sialadenitis with focus score of 1 focus/4mm2
- Keratoconjunctivitis sicca with occular staining score >3
What is Myositis?
Inflammation and destruction of muscle fibres by lymphocytes, affect muscle function, leading to fatigue and immobility.
What are the symptoms of Myositis?
- weakness
- swelling
- pain
How is Myositis diagnosed?
- ANA - detection of myositis
2. ENA - anti-SSA, anti-SSB, anti-Smith, anti-ribonucleoprotein, anti-Jo1
What are the three types of Myositis?
- Dermamyositis
- Polymyositis
- Inclusion body Myositis
What occurs to the muscle fibers in Dermamyositis?
Inflammatory cells concentrate around blood vessels of the muscle fiber bundle borders leading to muscle weakness and skin rash.
What occurs to muscle fibers in Polymyositis?
Inflammatory cells invade muscle fibres completely leading to muscle weakness of shoulders, upper arm, pelvis and thighs.
What occurs to muscle fibers in Inclusion-Body Myositis?
Muscle fibers have vacuoles and inclusions leading to inflammation, weakness and atrophy.
What is Systemic Lupus Erythematosis (SLE)?
Inflammation and tissue damage in parts of the body.
What are the symptoms of SLE?
- fatigue
- fever
- muscle aches
- facial rash
What is the diagnosis of SLE?
- ANA - anti-dsDNA
2. ENA - anti-Ro, La, Sm
What is the difference between Anti-Nuclear Antibodies and Extractable Nuclear Antigen test?
ANA detects for connective tissue disease while ENA is more specific and identifies specific autoantibodies that are found in certain AID.
What are ANA?
Autoantibodies that react with nuclear and cytoplasmic components of human cells.
What is ENA?
Autoantibodies in the blood that react with proteins in the nucleus of the cell.
What is the golden standard for ANA testing?
Indirect Immunofluorescent test with human epithelial cells.
What are the five patterns of fluorescence when detecting CTD?
- Homogenous (whole nucleus fluoresces)
- Rim (nuclear perimeter fluoresces)
- Speckled (speckles in the nucleus)
- Nucleolar (nucleolus fluoresces)
- Cytoplasmic (fluorescence of cytoplasm)
Define Connective Tissue Disease
A disease that affects the parts of the body that connect the structures of the body together.
What are the types of Connective Tissue?
- Cartilage
- Adipose Tissue
- Haemopoietic tissue
- Blood
- Bone
- In tendons and ligaments
What are the general symptoms of autoimmune disease?
- Fatigue
- achy muscles
- swelling and redness
- low-grade fever
- trouble concentrating
- numbness and tingling in the hands and feet
- hair loss
- skin rashes
What drugs are used to treat Autoimmune diseases?
- nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
- Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs
- biologics
- corticosteroids
- Intravenous immunoglobulin
- plasmapheresis.
- surgery
