Immuno

Question 1

lack of all B cells

Answer 1

bruton x linked agammaglobulinemia

Question 2

cause of bruton

Answer 2

deficiency in (bruton) Tyrosine Kinase

Question 3

lack of Pus formation

Answer 3

LAD

Question 4

infection with catalase + organisms

Answer 4

chronic granulomatous disease

Question 5

albinism

Answer 5

chediak higashi

Question 6

deficiency of CD40L on T cells

Answer 6

Hyper-IgM. Class switching defect

Question 7

MHC are encoded by _______ and found on _________

Answer 7

HLA genes
MHC1: all nucleated cells
MHC2: APC’s

Question 8

present antigen fragments to T cells and bind TCRs

Answer 8

MHC

Question 9

Needs release of invariant chain for peptide loading

Answer 9

MHC2

Question 10

Stating that there is a difference when none exists

Answer 10

Type 1 (alpha) error

Question 11

alpha (epi) is the probability of ____________

Answer 11

making a Type 1 error (False positive)

Question 12

what does p

Answer 12

there is less than a 5% chance that the data will show a difference/effect that is not actually there (FP)

Question 13

T cell development: produced in BM and then travel to thymus: explain Cortex, Medulla

Answer 13

Cortex:
Arrive as double negative (no cd4 or cd8)
–>DNA rearrangement –>become Double Positive. POSITIVE selection = those that bind self MHC can survive. go to medulla

Medulla: now those that bind self too tightly die= NEGATIVE selection

Question 14

Positive (1st) and Negative selection(2nd) T cell

Answer 14

Cortex…Positive selection: When Double Positive T cells bind self MHC, its a positive thing and they survive

Medulla…Negative selection: Now they are Single Positive. Those that bind self too strongly are killed. So binding self strong is a Negative thing.

Question 15

TB: Cord factor and sulfatide

Answer 15

Cord Factor: prevents MQ maturation and induces TNF release (which forms granuloma)

Sulfatide: “the tide is too strong for phagolysosome fusion)

Question 16

Superantigen and Cachexia cytokines:

Answer 16

TNF alpha; IFN gamma; IL-1, IL-6.

Alpha is 1, Gamma is 6.

Question 17

Whats the link between Fluticasone/Budenoside (Pulm Corticosteroids) and TNF alpha?

Answer 17

These drugs inhibit NF-KB, which is the TF that induces TNF alpha production

Question 18

Radiation therapy causes what kind of damage?

Answer 18

Free radical formation and double stranded DNA breakage

Question 19

FAS:

Answer 19

9-5 job would kill me FASt (Fas aka Fas-R = CD95)

If its looking autoimmune, we want to kill it FASt (negative selection–>thymic medulla)

Question 20

whats difference btwn apopotosis and necrossi (basic)

Answer 20

Necrosis = INFLAMMATION

Apopotosis is NOT inflammatory. Note: Apoptosis requires ATP.

Question 21

Coagulative vs Liquefactive necrosis

Answer 21

Coag: Ischemia;
–>Proteins Denature, and then Enzymatic Degradation

Liquef: ABSCESSES and Brain infarct

• ->Enzymatic degradation first, then Proteins Denature
• ->Neutrophils release lysosomal enzymes that digest the tissue

Order: remember liquefactive is E-P-L: Enzymes first and then Proteins degraded in Liquefactive.

Question 22

Whats EPL?

Answer 22

Reminds us that order of degradation is Enzymes and then Proteins in Liquefactive necrosis (vs opp order in coag)

Question 23

renal zones most susceptible to ischemia (and thus ischemic ATN)

Answer 23

Proximal Tubule and Thick Ascending Limb

PCT and TAL nigga

Question 24

(Red)Hemorrhagic Infarct: Location

Answer 24

where there is dual blood supply

LUNGS, LIVER, INTESTINE

–>can get Reperfusion injury here

Question 25

Pale Infarcts

Answer 25

Heart/Kidney/Spleen since there is only a single blood supply (Ischemic/anemic infarct)

Question 26

Angiogenesis mediators (3)

Answer 26

FGF and VEGF and TGFbeta

PDGF does vascular remodeling

Question 27

Wound Healing: which mediator sticks around the longest?

Answer 27

So macrophages are important for granulation tissue/scar formation

its the FIBROBLASTS that stick around for over 6 months after wound for REMODELING –> Tpe 3 collagen replaced by Type 1 collagen = INCREASE TENSILE STRENGTH

Question 28

age related (senile) amyloidosis:

Answer 28

Deposition of normal TRANSTHYRETIN in heart and elsewhere.
LOOK FOR SIGNS OF RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY AKA S4 (BECAUSE WE KNOW AMYLOIDOSIS DOES THIS)

reflex is to dismiss this since its THYroxine (t4) and RETINOL but AGE RELATED CHANGE SONNY BOY

Question 29

Amyloidosis in diabetes

Answer 29

Islet Amyloid polypeptide (IAPP): From AMYLIN deposition in Pancreatic Islets

Type 2 because they still have islets

Question 30

Yellow and brown “wear and tear” pigment associated with normal aging (from autophagocytosed organellar membrane)

Answer 30

Lipofuscin
–>product of free radical injury/oxidation/lipid peroxidation

dont confuse with hemosiderin (a brown and gold granular pigment)

Question 31

Have Neoplastic cells invaded intact basement membranes?

Answer 31

NO!!! These are the cells of carcinoma in-situ

Question 32

What do cells use to invade basement mem in invasive carcinomas?

Answer 32

Collagenases and hydrolases = metalloproteinases

–>cell-cell contacts lost by inactivation of E-cadherin

Question 33

causes Multidrug resistance, expressed by cancers, and functions to pump out toxins (including chemotherapy so lower response to therapeutics)

Answer 33

p-glycoprotein

Question 34

Is dysplasia reversible?

Answer 34

Yes.

Neoplasia is not (can be benign or malignant)

Question 35

Carcinoma vs Sarcoma

Answer 35

Carcinoma: Epithelial; Spreads by LYMPHATICS

Sarcoma: Mesenchyma; Spreads HEMATOGENOUSLY

Question 36

whats the name for ectopic gastric tissue seen in Meckels?

Answer 36

Choristoma: Normal tissue in a foreign location

Question 37

Adenoma and Papilloma

the rest (blood vessels/cells, smooth/striated muscle, connective tissue/bone/fat

Answer 37

Epithelium derived

this is what MESENCHYME is.

So for example you can have Adenocarcinoma –>EPI
or Osteosarcoma/Angiosarcoma/Leiomyosarcoma: MES

Question 38

Malignant tumors upregulate what to prevent chromosome shortening and cell death?

Answer 38

TELOMERASE

Question 39

Paraneoplastic indicator of visceral malignancy, that is also associated with insulin resistance

Answer 39

Acanthosis Nigricans

–>Diabetes, Cushings, Obesity, or Gastric AdenoCA