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Immune Exam 3 > Immunizations > Flashcards

Immunizations Flashcards

1
Q

procedure designed to increase concentrations of antibodies or effector t cells reactive against infection

A

vaccine

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2
Q

vaccine before exposure to infectious agent

A

immunoprophylaxis

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3
Q

vaccine during an active infection

A

immunotherapy

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4
Q

goal of immunoprophylaxis

A

prevent

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5
Q

goal of immunotherapy

A

cure

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6
Q

two types of immunizations

A

passive

active

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7
Q

immunity with no immunological memory without th cells

A

passive

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8
Q

immunity with induction of adaptive response with protection and memor

A

active

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9
Q

immunity with protective abs and non immune recipient

A

passive

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10
Q

natural maternal serum/milk

A

passive immunity

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11
Q

artificial immune system

A

passive immunity

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12
Q

natural infection

A

active immunity

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13
Q

artificial infection

A

active immunity

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14
Q

Vaccine types

A
  • attenuated
  • inactivated
  • cloned genes of microbial antigens
  • purified microbial macromolecules
  • synthetic peptides
  • DNa
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15
Q

attenuated vaccine

A

live

- vital function inactivated by heat, chemicals or genetic manipulation

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16
Q

inactivated vaccine

A

dead
uses toxoid
inactivated toxins which are purified proteins

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17
Q

mechanism of vaccines

A

establish resistance to virus by evoking immune response

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18
Q

Three mechanisms of vaccines

A
  • give host foreign organism in non-pathogenic form
  • humoral response
  • cd8 cell mediated response
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19
Q

humoral response in vaccines

A

antibodies generated and bind to surface antigens

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20
Q

cd8 cell mediated in vaccines

A

chronic viral infection, cancer

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21
Q

what type of responses do attenuated vaccines produce

A

cell mediated

antibody mediated

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22
Q

smallpox

A

induce vigorous t cell response

related vaccine

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23
Q

types of attenuated vaccines

A 
smallpox
polio
measles
mumps
rubella
varicella
yellow fever
rotovirus
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24
Q

Polio vaccine

A

replicated in gut induces IgA

- recommended use killed

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25
Q

measles vaccine

A

induce t cell response

not life long

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26
Q

mumps

A

deafness in children

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27
Q

rubella

A

pregnant women

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28
Q

varicella

A

chicken pox and shingles

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29
Q

yellow fever

A

required for travelers

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30
Q

rotovirus

A

oral pentavalent

infants

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31
Q

attenuated flu

A
  • genetically recombinant
  • cold adapted
  • temperature sensitive
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32
Q

single pathogen responsible for most death and disease

A

BCG

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33
Q

how many people in world are infected with M. tuberculosis?

A

1/3

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34
Q

what percent have active infection in m. tuberculosis?

A

10%

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35
Q

deaths per year in m. tuberculosis

A

2-3 million

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36
Q

BCG hypersensitivity

A

delayed type

- produce skin test response

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37
Q

what is the most widely used vaccine?

A

BCG

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38
Q

What is used in US instead of BCG vaccine?

A

skin test

chemo

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39
Q

future problem with BCG

A

TB
AIDS
antibiotic resistant

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40
Q

typhoid

A

3rd world countries

travelers

41
Q

typhoid response

A

whole bacteria induce antibody and cell mediated response

42
Q

typhoid skin test

A

does produce

43
Q

effectiveness of typhoid

A

60%, need multiple doses

44
Q

example of inactivated vaccine

A 
DPT
Polio
Rabies
Flu
Hepatitis A
45
Q

What type of response does inactivated vaccine produce?

A

antibody mediated

46
Q

Inactivated vaccine antibodies

A

IgG

47
Q

inactivated vaccine t cell response

A

poor

48
Q

problems with inactivated vaccine

A

need large amounts of antigen
need booster
multiple doses

49
Q

Flu vaccine

A
  • IgG to H and N
  • poor T cell response
  • short term immunity
  • antigenic shift
50
Q

small changes, point mutations

A

antigenic drift

51
Q

major change by recombination

A

antigenic shift

52
Q

do you need an adjuvant for live or inactivated vaccine?

A

inactivated

53
Q

antibody response live

A

IgG

IgA

54
Q

Heat labile in tropics

A

Live

55
Q

route of admin live

A

natural or injection

56
Q

route of admin inactivated

A

injection

57
Q

dose of live

A

low

58
Q

number of doses for live

A

single

59
Q

strategy for immunizations

A

maximize immunogenicity without compromising safety and tolerability

60
Q

whole inactivated bacterial cells vaccines advantages

A

easier to store and ship

61
Q

whole inactivated bacterial cells vaccines disadvantages

A
  • toxicity associated with killed bacteria

- admin IM may not induce appropriate immune response

62
Q

Inactivated bacterial cells as vaccines

A

pertussis
cholera
anthrax

63
Q

vaccine recommended for all us military

A

anthrax

64
Q

subunit vaccine

A

purified components from bacteria and viruses, usually surface antigens

65
Q

subunit vaccine response

A

antibody mediated

66
Q

examples of subunit viral vaccines

A

hepatitis b

67
Q

examples of bacterial subunit vaccines

A

typhoid
H. influenza
Meningococcus
Pneumococal

68
Q

advantages of bacterial subunit

A
  • eliminated problems with whole cell vaccines
  • use relevant antigens
  • less toxicity
69
Q

disadvantages of bacterial subunit

A
  • need adjuvant

- one approved adjuvant

70
Q

what is the adjuvant for bacterial subunit

A

Alum

71
Q

typhoid vaccine

A

effective
does not provide long term immunity
capsular polysaccharide

72
Q

what helps vaccine production

A

carrier proteins (make stable)

73
Q

H. influenza type b

A
  • carrier protein

- diphtheria toxoid

74
Q

pneumococcal vaccine

A
  • carrier protein cross react

- diphtheria toxoid

75
Q

meningococcal vaccine

A
  • carrier protein

- tetanus CRM

76
Q

toxoids

A

chemically inactivated exotoxins

77
Q

toxoids doses

A

need multiple

78
Q

toxoids antibodies

A

IgG

79
Q

examples of toxoids

A

Diphtheria

Tetanus

80
Q

consequence of toxin produced by infectious organism

A

diphtheria

81
Q

Diphtheria

A

toxin has lost ADP activity

still immunogenic

82
Q

Tetanus

A

chemical inactivation of neurotoxin

83
Q

genetic immunization

A

delivery of gene for antigen to host organism
- use vector of cDNA from viral protein
IM

84
Q

genetic immunization potential

A
  • eliminate purification of antigen
  • protein modified post translationally
  • cell mediated
85
Q

fate of plasmid DNA in genetic immunization

A
  • integration

- degradation

86
Q

parasite vaccine

A

no effective vaccine so far

87
Q

example of parasite vaccine

A

malaria

88
Q

malaria death count

A

1-3 million children/year

89
Q

why is there no parasite vaccine?

A
  • complexity of life cycle
  • eukaryotic difficult to treat
  • evade immune response and rapid replication
  • size
90
Q

long term effectiveness of vaccine

A
  • persistence of antibody
  • immunological memory
  • persistence of herd immunity
91
Q

what reduces transmission of organism in population?

A

herd immunity

92
Q

short term immune response

A

antibody levels in serum at 28-42 days after last dose

93
Q

long term immune response

A
  • persistence of protective level of serum antibody months or years later
  • magnitude of antigen reactive response to booster
94
Q

memories in vaccines

A
  • increase in frequency of Ag reactive cells

- increase reactivity of effector cells

95
Q

booster

A

same vaccine later date

refresh memory cell population

96
Q

adjuvant

A

chemicals in vaccine to enhance immune response

97
Q

indirect protection from infection among susceptible members of population and protection of population as whole due to presence of immune individuals

A

herd immunity

98
Q

leads to reduction of transmission in population

A

herd immunity

Immune Exam 3 (5 decks)

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