IMMUNIZATION (2) Flashcards
( case definition )
- any child who does not return to normal health after Measles or whooping cough.
- loss of weight, cough, wheeze which does not respond to antibiotic therapy for acute respiratory disease.
tuberculosis
what is the agent of tuberculosis?
mycobacterium tuberculosis
what is the reservoir of tuberculosis?
- man
- diseased cattle
these are the sources of infection for TB
- droplet infection
- inhalation of bacilli from patients
occurrence of TB
- worldwide
- mortality and morbidity higher in developing countries
transmissible period of TB
- person who excretes tubercle bacilli is communicable
degree of communicability of TB
- number of bacilli
- virulence
- overcrowding
duration of natural immunity of TB
- not known.
- reactivation of old infection commonly causes disease
risk factors for infection of TB
- low access to care
- immunodeficiency
- malnutrition
- alcoholism
- diabetes
(case definition)
- acute pharyngitis, acute nasopharyngitis, acute laryngitis with a pseudo membrane
diphtheria
what is the agent of diphtheria?
corynebacterium diphtheriae
what is the reservoir of diphtheria?
man
this is the source of infection of diphtheria
- respiratory droplets from carrier
occurence of diphtheria
- worldwide
- endemic in developing countries with unimmunized populations
transmissible period of diphtheria
- 2-3 weeks
- maybe shortened in patients with antibiotic treatment
diphtheria transmission is increased in?
- schools
- hospitals
- households
- crowded areas
duration of natural immunity of diphtheria
- usually lifelong
risk factors for infection of diphtheria
- crowding
- low socio-economic status
(case definition)
- any patient below 15yrs of age with acute flaccid paralysis (including those diagnosed to have Guillain-Barre Syndrome) for which no other cause can be immediately identified
Poliomyelitis (POLIO)
what is the agent of polio?
poliovirus type 1,2,3
what is the reservoir of polio?
- man
- mostly children
sources of infection of polio
- fecal-oral route
- oral route through pharyngeal secretion
- contact with infected person
occurence of polio
- cyclical
- worldwide
- morbidity and mortality higher in developing countries
transmissible period of polio
- 7-16 days before onset of symptoms
- first few days after onset of symptoms
duration of natural immunity of polio
- type specific immunity lifelong
risk factor for infection of polio
- poor environmental hygiene
(case definition)
- highly communicable disease
- generalized blotchy rash lasting for three or more days
- fever, cough, runny nose, red eyes/ conjuctivitis
Measles
what is the agent of measles?
rubeola virus
what is the reservoir of measles?
- humans
sources of infection of measles
- close respiratory contact
- aerosolized droplets
occurence of measles
- worldwide
- mortality and morbidity higher in developing countries
transmissible period of measles
- 4 days bfor - 2 days after rash
duration of natural immunity measles
- lifelong after attack
risk factor of infection for measles
- crowding
- low socio-economic status
(case definition)
- history of severe cough
- cough persisting 2 or more weeks
- fits of coughing followed by vomiting
Pertussis
what is the agent of pertussis?
bordetella pertussis
what is the reservoir of pertussis?
man
sources of infection of pertussis
- direct contact with discharges from respiratory mucous membranes of infected person
- airborne (droplets)
- indirect contact with things freshly spoiled with discharged of infected
occurence of pertussis
- worldwide
- morbidity higher in developing countries
transmissible period of pertussis
- highly communicable in early catarrhal stage, before paroxysmal cough
- antibiotics may shorten period of communicability (7 days - 3 weeks) to ( 5-7 days onset aft therapy)
duration of natural immunity of pertussis
- usually lifelong
risk factors of infection of pertussis
- young age crowding
