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NUR 803 Pathophysiology > Immunity & Infection > Flashcards

Immunity & Infection Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of the inflammatory response?

A

To prevent infection of the injured tissue

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2
Q

What causes heat/redness during the inflammatory response?

A

Vasodilation of blood vessels

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3
Q

What causes edema during the inflammatory process?

A

Increased capillary permeability

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4
Q

What is the vascular effect of histamine released from mast cells?

A

Vasodilation

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5
Q

In the coagulation cascade, the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways converge at what factor?

A

Factor x

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6
Q

Which type of cell adaptation occurs when normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial lining have been replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells?

A

Metaplasia

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7
Q

What does the loss of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during ischemia cause cells to do?

A

Swell because of the influx of sodium chloride (NaCl)

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8
Q

What type of necrosis is associated with wet gangrene?

A

Liquefactive necrosis

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9
Q

Phagocytosis involves neutrophils actively attacking, engulfing, and destroying which microorganisms?

A

Bacteria

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10
Q

What is the role of reverse transcriptase in HIV infection?

A

It converts RNA into double-stranded DNA.

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11
Q

Cytokines are thought to cause fevers by stimulating the synthesis of which chemical mediator?

A

Prostaglandin

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12
Q

What is an outcome of the complement cascade?

A
  1. mast cell degranulation, (2) leukocyte chemotaxis, (3) opsonization, and (4) cell lysis
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13
Q

What is a role of a natural killer (NK) cells?

A

Elimination of malignant cells and viruses

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14
Q

Which antibody initially indicates a typical primary immune response

A

IgM

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15
Q

Which cell has the ability to recognize antigens presented by the MHC class I molecules?

A

T cytotoxic/CD 8

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16
Q

Cytokines are vital to a cell’s ability to do which function?

A

Communicate

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17
Q

During an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction, what causes bronchospasm?

A

Smooth muscle contraction caused by histamine bound to H1 receptors

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18
Q

A type IV hypersensitivity reaction causes which result?

A

Lymphokine-producing Th1 cells directly attacking and destroying cellular targets. The only hypersensitivity reaction that does not use antibodies

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19
Q

What happens in acute organ rejection?

A

Th1 cells release cytokines that activate infiltrating macrophages, and cytotoxic T cells directly attack the endothelial cells of the transplanted tissue.

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20
Q

Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is associated with which type of hypersensitivity reaction?

A

I

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21
Q

What is the reticuloendothelial system?

A

Monocytes and macrophages imbedded in tissue to perform immune functions. (ex. lymph nodes)

22
Q

What are the goals of inflammation?

A
  1. Limit inflammatory process
  2. Limit infection
  3. Interact with adaptive immune system
  4. Prepare for healing
23
Q

How can the complement system by activated?

A

Antigen-Antibody complexes or microbial antigens

24
Q

Steps of the complement pathway

A

Opsonization, cell lysis, agglutination, neutralize virus, chemotaxis, activate mast & basophils, inflammatory effects

25
Q

What is the goal of the coagulation pathway?

A

prevents spread of infection, forms a clot, framework for healing

26
Q

What are the results of the kinin system?

A

Vasodilation, vascular permeability, and pain

27
Q

What are the cytokines?

A

The complement, coagulation, and kinin systems.

28
Q

What are the three phagocytes?

A

Neutrophils, monocytes (macros), and eosinophils

29
Q

What are the first WBCs on the scene in infection? What are the secondary response?

A

Neutrophils - immediate

Monocytes - 3-7 days later

30
Q

What are considered parts of the innate immunity?

A
  1. Physical barriers
  2. Inflammatory response
  3. Initial immune response (neutrophils)
31
Q

What are considered parts of the adaptive immunity?

A

Cell mediated - T cells

Humoral mediated - B cells

32
Q

What is cellular immunity mostly protect from?

A

Viral, fungal, yeast, atypical infections

33
Q

How does the cellular immunity protect the body?

A

Primarily works by recognizing self from foreign

34
Q

What is an antigen?

A

foreign protein that causes an immune response

35
Q

What produces an antibody?

A

Plasma B cell

36
Q

What type of antibody is produced in a secondary exposure?

A

IgG

37
Q

What are the antigen presenting cells?

A

macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells

38
Q

What are the proteins on all human cells that are recognized by APCs?

A

Major histocompatibility complex (HMC) or human leukocyte antigens (HLAs)

39
Q

What is a type I hypersensitivity reaction?

A

IgE reaction, typical allergic response

40
Q

What is a type II hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Tissue specific reaction, drug interactions

41
Q

What is a type III hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Immune complex reaction. (ex. celiac)

42
Q

What is a type IV hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Autoimmune reaction. Mediated by T cells, not antibodies.

43
Q

What can antibodies do to antigens?

A

neutralize, agglutination, precipitation, or opsonization

44
Q

How does aging affect immune function?

A

Decreased T cell activity, decreased production of antibodies, decrease in memory B cells, increase in autoantibodies

45
Q

What is autoimmunity?

A

Recognizes self as foreign

46
Q

How does HIV affect immune function?

A

Destroys Helper T cells and B cells.

47
Q

What is the genotype?

A

genetic code

48
Q

What is the phenotype?

A

The trait expressed

49
Q

What are the systemic manifestations of inflammation?

A
  1. fever
  2. Leukocytosis
  3. Increased plasma protein synthesis (CRP, fibrinogen)
50
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

Increase in cell number

51
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

Replacement of cell type

52
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

Disorganized growth

NUR 803 Pathophysiology (5 decks)

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