Immunity & Infection Flashcards
What is the purpose of the inflammatory response?
To prevent infection of the injured tissue
What causes heat/redness during the inflammatory response?
Vasodilation of blood vessels
What causes edema during the inflammatory process?
Increased capillary permeability
What is the vascular effect of histamine released from mast cells?
Vasodilation
In the coagulation cascade, the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways converge at what factor?
Factor x
Which type of cell adaptation occurs when normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial lining have been replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells?
Metaplasia
What does the loss of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during ischemia cause cells to do?
Swell because of the influx of sodium chloride (NaCl)
What type of necrosis is associated with wet gangrene?
Liquefactive necrosis
Phagocytosis involves neutrophils actively attacking, engulfing, and destroying which microorganisms?
Bacteria
What is the role of reverse transcriptase in HIV infection?
It converts RNA into double-stranded DNA.
Cytokines are thought to cause fevers by stimulating the synthesis of which chemical mediator?
Prostaglandin
What is an outcome of the complement cascade?
- mast cell degranulation, (2) leukocyte chemotaxis, (3) opsonization, and (4) cell lysis
What is a role of a natural killer (NK) cells?
Elimination of malignant cells and viruses
Which antibody initially indicates a typical primary immune response
IgM
Which cell has the ability to recognize antigens presented by the MHC class I molecules?
T cytotoxic/CD 8
Cytokines are vital to a cell’s ability to do which function?
Communicate
During an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction, what causes bronchospasm?
Smooth muscle contraction caused by histamine bound to H1 receptors
A type IV hypersensitivity reaction causes which result?
Lymphokine-producing Th1 cells directly attacking and destroying cellular targets. The only hypersensitivity reaction that does not use antibodies
What happens in acute organ rejection?
Th1 cells release cytokines that activate infiltrating macrophages, and cytotoxic T cells directly attack the endothelial cells of the transplanted tissue.
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is associated with which type of hypersensitivity reaction?
I
What is the reticuloendothelial system?
Monocytes and macrophages imbedded in tissue to perform immune functions. (ex. lymph nodes)
What are the goals of inflammation?
- Limit inflammatory process
- Limit infection
- Interact with adaptive immune system
- Prepare for healing
How can the complement system by activated?
Antigen-Antibody complexes or microbial antigens
Steps of the complement pathway
Opsonization, cell lysis, agglutination, neutralize virus, chemotaxis, activate mast & basophils, inflammatory effects
What is the goal of the coagulation pathway?
prevents spread of infection, forms a clot, framework for healing
What are the results of the kinin system?
Vasodilation, vascular permeability, and pain
What are the cytokines?
The complement, coagulation, and kinin systems.
What are the three phagocytes?
Neutrophils, monocytes (macros), and eosinophils
What are the first WBCs on the scene in infection? What are the secondary response?
Neutrophils - immediate
Monocytes - 3-7 days later
What are considered parts of the innate immunity?
- Physical barriers
- Inflammatory response
- Initial immune response (neutrophils)
What are considered parts of the adaptive immunity?
Cell mediated - T cells
Humoral mediated - B cells
What is cellular immunity mostly protect from?
Viral, fungal, yeast, atypical infections
How does the cellular immunity protect the body?
Primarily works by recognizing self from foreign
What is an antigen?
foreign protein that causes an immune response
What produces an antibody?
Plasma B cell
What type of antibody is produced in a secondary exposure?
IgG
What are the antigen presenting cells?
macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells
What are the proteins on all human cells that are recognized by APCs?
Major histocompatibility complex (HMC) or human leukocyte antigens (HLAs)
What is a type I hypersensitivity reaction?
IgE reaction, typical allergic response
What is a type II hypersensitivity reaction?
Tissue specific reaction, drug interactions
What is a type III hypersensitivity reaction?
Immune complex reaction. (ex. celiac)
What is a type IV hypersensitivity reaction?
Autoimmune reaction. Mediated by T cells, not antibodies.
What can antibodies do to antigens?
neutralize, agglutination, precipitation, or opsonization
How does aging affect immune function?
Decreased T cell activity, decreased production of antibodies, decrease in memory B cells, increase in autoantibodies
What is autoimmunity?
Recognizes self as foreign
How does HIV affect immune function?
Destroys Helper T cells and B cells.
What is the genotype?
genetic code
What is the phenotype?
The trait expressed
What are the systemic manifestations of inflammation?
- fever
- Leukocytosis
- Increased plasma protein synthesis (CRP, fibrinogen)
What is hyperplasia?
Increase in cell number
What is metaplasia?
Replacement of cell type
What is dysplasia?
Disorganized growth
