Cell Biology & Genetics

Question 1

What does the endoplasmic reticulum do?

Answer 1

Rough ER processes proteins. Smooth ER processes lipids.

Question 2

What are the functions of the cell membrane?

Answer 2

Protection, transport nutrients/wastes, generate action potentials, growth regulation

Question 3

3 factors that affect the net rate of diffusion?

Answer 3

1. concentration difference
2. electrical potential
3. hydrostatic pressure

Question 4

What is osmosis?

Answer 4

Movement of water to achieve homeostasis - always moves DOWN it’s concentration gradient

Question 5

How do lipid soluble molecules move across the cell membrane?

Answer 5

simple diffusion

Question 6

How do water soluble molecules move across the cell membrane?

Answer 6

Assisted by transporter proteins

Question 7

What are the two types of protein transport across a cell membrane?

Answer 7

1. Passive - diffusion

2. Active - using energy

Question 8

What is diffusion?

Answer 8

Movement of solutes down a concentration gradient, does not use energy

Question 9

What is active transport?

Answer 9

Moves against a concentration gradient, requires energy.

Question 10

What can stimulate the opening of ion channels?

Answer 10

1. change in membrane potential
2. Ligand signal
3. Change in shape of cell

Question 11

What are the different types of intercellular signaling?

Answer 11

1. Gap Junctions
2. Direct cell-to-cell
3. Ligand Signal

Question 12

What are the examples of ligand signaling?

Answer 12

Synaptic, Paracrine, Endocrine, Autocrine

Question 13

What is paracrine ligand cellular signaling?

Answer 13

Signaling across the extracellular space

Question 14

What is endocrine signaling?

Answer 14

Hormonal signaling via the bloodstream

Question 15

What is autocrine signaling?

Answer 15

Cells auto regulation, feedback signaling to itself

Question 16

What is hydropic swelling?

Answer 16

Reversible cell injury, results from failure of Na/K pump

Question 17

What is hypertrophy of cells?

Answer 17

Increased size

Question 18

What is hyperplasia?

Answer 18

Increased number of cells

Question 19

What is metaplasia?

Answer 19

Change in cell type

Question 20

What is dysplasia?

Answer 20

Disorderly growth (leads to cancer)

Question 21

What is coagulative necrosis?

Answer 21

f/ ischemia, most common.

Question 22

What is liquefactive necrosis?

Answer 22

Lysis of lysosomes, forms abccess or cyst.

Question 23

What is fat necrosis?

Answer 23

Death of adipose tissue, appears white, from trauma or pancreatitis

Question 24

What is caseous necrosis?

Answer 24

Lung damage f/ TB, resembles cheese

Question 25

What is dry gangrene?

Answer 25

From coagulative necrosis; black/dry tissue, clear lines of demarcation

Question 26

What is wet gangrene?

Answer 26

From liquefactive necrosis, in internal organs

Question 27

What is gas gangrene?

Answer 27

from anaerobic bacteria, results in gas bubbles

Question 28

What are the 3 ways apoptosis is triggered?

Answer 28

1. Withdrawal of survival signals 2. Fas Ligands 3. Internal (p53)

Question 29

What is Senescence?

Answer 29

Self realized end of cellular life, related to length of telomeres.

Question 30

What are the two types of genetic mutations?

Answer 30

1. Point mutation - single base pair | 2. Frame shift mutation - creates abnormal proteins

Question 31

What are autosomal disorders?

Answer 31

Affect the # or shape of chromosomes

Question 32

What are the 3 sex chromosome disorders?

Answer 32

1. Klinefelter's 2. Turner's 3. Multiple x or y

Question 33

In autosomal dominant disorders, what are the chances that 1 normal and 1 affected pass it along? And 2 affected parents?

Answer 33

1 normal parent, 1 affected parent = 50% chance | 2 affected parents = 75% chance

Question 34

What are examples of autosomal dominant disorders?

Answer 34

Marfan's, Huntington's, familial HLD, neurofibromatosis

Question 35

In autosomal recessive disorders, what are that chances that two carriers pass it along? 1 affected and 1 carrier?

Answer 35

2 carriers = 25% chance | 1 affected, 1 carrier = 50% chance

Question 36

What are examples of autosomal recessive disorders?

Answer 36

Albinism, CF, Sickle cell

Question 37

What are the chances that an affected father passes along a sex linked disorder to his daughter?

Answer 37

All of his daughters will be carriers.

Question 38

If a mother is a carrier of a sex linked disorder, what are the chances she will pass it along?

Answer 38

50% of affected son or carrier daughter.

Question 39

What are examples of sex linked genetic disorders?

Answer 39

Hemophilia A/B, Duchenne, DI

Question 40

What is epigenetics?

Answer 40

A change in the phenotype (trait expressed) without a change in the genotype (genetic code).

Question 41

What is the difference between DNA sequence mutations and epigenetic modifications?

Answer 41

Epigenetic modifications potentially can be reversed

Question 42

In addition to osmosis, what force is involved in the movement of water between the plasma and interstitial fluid spaces?

Answer 42

Hydrostatic pressure

Question 43

A major determinant of the resting membrane potential necessary for the transmission of nerve impulses is the ratio between what?

Answer 43

Intracellular K+ and extracellular Na+

Question 44

What does the loss of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during ischemia cause cells to do?

Answer 44

Swell because of the influx of sodium chloride (NaCl)