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NUR 803 Pathophysiology > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

Blood flow is controlled related to the ____ needs?

A

Tissue needs

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2
Q

What creates turbulent blood flow?

A

Sharp vascular turns, atherosclerotic disease, unhelathy endothelium, narrowing (CAD), valvular disease

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3
Q

Blood flow equation?

A 
Q = ^P/R
Q = flow, ^P = pressure gradient, R = resistance
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4
Q

Flow and pressure gradient have a ____ relationship?

A

Symbiotic relationship - increase or decrease together

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5
Q

Flow and resistance have a ____ relationship?

A

Inverse. An increase in one causes a decrease in the other

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6
Q

An increase in viscosity cause a ____ in flow

A

Decrease. Increase in viscosity causes an increase in resistance

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7
Q

Increasing diameter of vessels causes an _____ in flow?

A

increase

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8
Q

What is capacitance?

A

Quantity of blood to store. Distensibility X volume

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9
Q

S/s of arterial disease?

A

Decreased pulse, cool lower extremities. Pain with walking. Pallor or Rubor. Hairless. Arterial or ischemic ulcers.

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10
Q

S/s of venous disease?

A

Edematous lower extremities. Dark pigmentation all the way around the leg. Painless venous ulcers. Can progress to lymph disease.

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11
Q

What is the function of the hydrostatic pressure in fluid shifts?

A

Hydrostatic pressure = BP. Pushes fluid out of the vascular space into the interstitial space.

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12
Q

What is the function of the plasma protein osmotic pressure?

A

Also known as oncotic pressure. Plasma proteins (albumin) pulls fluids back into the vascular space.

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13
Q

What is lab value to measure osmotic pressure?

A

Sodium.

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14
Q

What is lymph made of?

A

Interstitial fluid. Salts, fats, glucose, water, WBCs.

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15
Q

Short term control of blood flow is regulated by…

A

increased metabolism rate or decreased oxygen availability

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16
Q

What are the local vasodilators?

A

Adenosine, lactate, CO2, histamine, ADP, hydrogen

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17
Q

What is autoregulation?

A

The ability of each tissue to adjust its vascular resistance to maintain normal blood flow

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18
Q

What does shear stress cause?

A

Uses more oxygen, metabolic rate

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19
Q

Cardiac output is what?

A

The sum of all local tissue flows

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20
Q

Arterial pressure regulation is independent of?

A

Local blood flow control and cardiac output control

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21
Q

What factor plays the greatest role in determining blood flow?

A

Diameter of the vessel!

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22
Q

LaPlace’s Law:

A

Wall tension increases as radius increases = wall thickness decreases

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23
Q

Long term regulation of blood flow occurs by…

A

Increase in size and number of vessels (angiogenesis)

24
Q

Angiogenesis is stimulated by

A

oxygen!

25
Q

What are the humoral vasodilators?

A

Bradykinin, serotonin, nitric oxide, histamine, prostaglandins

26
Q

Sympathetic controls…

A

Circulation

27
Q

Parasympathetic controls…

A

Heart function!

28
Q

Equation for arterial pressure is

A

cardiac output x total peripheral resistance

29
Q

Alpha 1 stimulates….

A

Vasoconstriction

30
Q

Alpha 2 stimulates…

A

Vasodilation

31
Q

Beta 1 stimulates…

A

+ Inotropy, chronotrophy, dromotrophy (speed of AV node conduction), secretes renin

32
Q

Beta 2 stimulates…

A

Bronchodilator, smooth muscle relaxation, decrease in GI motility

33
Q

What are chemoreceptors stimulated by?

A

Decrease in 02, increase in CO2, increase in H+

34
Q

What does aldosterone stimulate?

A

Na and water retention = increase in volume = increase in BP

35
Q

Normal BP parameters?

A

< 120/<80

36
Q

Stage 1 HTN parameters?

A

140-159 / 90-99

37
Q

Stage 2 HTN parameters?

A

> 160/ > 100

38
Q

What are the two types of renal artery stenosis?

A

Fibromuscular dysplasia (females) & atherosclerosis (men)

39
Q

S/s of pheochromocytoma?

A

Intermittent HTN, palpitations, sweating, anxiety (s/t secretion of catecholamines)

40
Q

Lab values found in hyperaldosteronism?

A

High sodium, low potassium w/ HTN.

41
Q

List the functions of nitric oxide…

A

Vasodilation (direct and indirect), anti-thrombotic, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-proliferative (prevents hyperplasia)

42
Q

List the risk factors for atherosclerosis

A

Age (men > 45, women > 55). DM, HTN, HLD, Smoking, Genetics

43
Q

What does LDL cholesterol do?

A

Transports cholesterol from the liver, deposits it into the cells. “Bad”

44
Q

What does HDL cholesterol do?

A

Transports cholesterol from the arteries back the liver “Good”.

45
Q

What do triglycerides do?

A

Transports lipids to be stored as adipose tissue.

46
Q

What do statins inhibit?

A

HMG CoA Reductase - a step in the process of cholesterol metabolism

47
Q

The process of atherosclerotic plaque development

A

Monocyte -> intimal layer -> macrophage -> ingests lipids -> becomes foam cell -> inflammation, growth

48
Q

What is chronic stable angina?

A

Atherosclerotic lesions have narrowed lumen. Increased 02 demand (exercise) causes reversible ischemia.

49
Q

What happens in ACS?

A

Rupture of unstable plaque causes platelet aggregation, clotting, blockage.

50
Q

What happens during formation of an aneurysm?

A

Chronic inflammation, hypertension, shear forces cause weakening and remodeling. Plaque formation further erodes vessel wall.

51
Q

What is a type A dissection?

A

Involves the ascending aorta.

52
Q

What are the three things needed for reentry dysrhythmia?

A

Dual pathway, retrograde conduction, and a block

53
Q

What are acyanotic defects?

A

Left to right shunt

54
Q

Examples of acyanotic defects?

A

PDA, ASD, VSD

55
Q

What are cyanotic defects?

A

Right to left shunt

56
Q

Examples of cyanotic defects?

A

Tet of fellot, tricuspid atresia

NUR 803 Pathophysiology (5 decks)

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