Cardiovascular

Question 1

Blood flow is controlled related to the ____ needs?

Answer 1

Tissue needs

Question 2

What creates turbulent blood flow?

Answer 2

Sharp vascular turns, atherosclerotic disease, unhelathy endothelium, narrowing (CAD), valvular disease

Question 3

Blood flow equation?

Answer 3

Q = ^P/R
Q = flow, ^P = pressure gradient, R = resistance

Question 4

Flow and pressure gradient have a ____ relationship?

Answer 4

Symbiotic relationship - increase or decrease together

Question 5

Flow and resistance have a ____ relationship?

Answer 5

Inverse. An increase in one causes a decrease in the other

Question 6

An increase in viscosity cause a ____ in flow

Answer 6

Decrease. Increase in viscosity causes an increase in resistance

Question 7

Increasing diameter of vessels causes an _____ in flow?

Answer 7

increase

Question 8

What is capacitance?

Answer 8

Quantity of blood to store. Distensibility X volume

Question 9

S/s of arterial disease?

Answer 9

Decreased pulse, cool lower extremities. Pain with walking. Pallor or Rubor. Hairless. Arterial or ischemic ulcers.

Question 10

S/s of venous disease?

Answer 10

Edematous lower extremities. Dark pigmentation all the way around the leg. Painless venous ulcers. Can progress to lymph disease.

Question 11

What is the function of the hydrostatic pressure in fluid shifts?

Answer 11

Hydrostatic pressure = BP. Pushes fluid out of the vascular space into the interstitial space.

Question 12

What is the function of the plasma protein osmotic pressure?

Answer 12

Also known as oncotic pressure. Plasma proteins (albumin) pulls fluids back into the vascular space.

Question 13

What is lab value to measure osmotic pressure?

Answer 13

Sodium.

Question 14

What is lymph made of?

Answer 14

Interstitial fluid. Salts, fats, glucose, water, WBCs.

Question 15

Short term control of blood flow is regulated by…

Answer 15

increased metabolism rate or decreased oxygen availability

Question 16

What are the local vasodilators?

Answer 16

Adenosine, lactate, CO2, histamine, ADP, hydrogen

Question 17

What is autoregulation?

Answer 17

The ability of each tissue to adjust its vascular resistance to maintain normal blood flow

Question 18

What does shear stress cause?

Answer 18

Uses more oxygen, metabolic rate

Question 19

Cardiac output is what?

Answer 19

The sum of all local tissue flows

Question 20

Arterial pressure regulation is independent of?

Answer 20

Local blood flow control and cardiac output control

Question 21

What factor plays the greatest role in determining blood flow?

Answer 21

Diameter of the vessel!

Question 22

LaPlace’s Law:

Answer 22

Wall tension increases as radius increases = wall thickness decreases

Question 23

Long term regulation of blood flow occurs by…

Answer 23

Increase in size and number of vessels (angiogenesis)

Question 24

Angiogenesis is stimulated by

Answer 24

oxygen!

Question 25

What are the humoral vasodilators?

Answer 25

Bradykinin, serotonin, nitric oxide, histamine, prostaglandins

Question 26

Sympathetic controls...

Answer 26

Circulation

Question 27

Parasympathetic controls...

Answer 27

Heart function!

Question 28

Equation for arterial pressure is

Answer 28

cardiac output x total peripheral resistance

Question 29

Alpha 1 stimulates....

Answer 29

Vasoconstriction

Question 30

Alpha 2 stimulates...

Answer 30

Vasodilation

Question 31

Beta 1 stimulates...

Answer 31

+ Inotropy, chronotrophy, dromotrophy (speed of AV node conduction), secretes renin

Question 32

Beta 2 stimulates...

Answer 32

Bronchodilator, smooth muscle relaxation, decrease in GI motility

Question 33

What are chemoreceptors stimulated by?

Answer 33

Decrease in 02, increase in CO2, increase in H+

Question 34

What does aldosterone stimulate?

Answer 34

Na and water retention = increase in volume = increase in BP

Question 35

Normal BP parameters?

Answer 35

< 120/<80

Question 36

Stage 1 HTN parameters?

Answer 36

140-159 / 90-99

Question 37

Stage 2 HTN parameters?

Answer 37

> 160/ > 100

Question 38

What are the two types of renal artery stenosis?

Answer 38

Fibromuscular dysplasia (females) & atherosclerosis (men)

Question 39

S/s of pheochromocytoma?

Answer 39

Intermittent HTN, palpitations, sweating, anxiety (s/t secretion of catecholamines)

Question 40

Lab values found in hyperaldosteronism?

Answer 40

High sodium, low potassium w/ HTN.

Question 41

List the functions of nitric oxide...

Answer 41

Vasodilation (direct and indirect), anti-thrombotic, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-proliferative (prevents hyperplasia)

Question 42

List the risk factors for atherosclerosis

Answer 42

Age (men > 45, women > 55). DM, HTN, HLD, Smoking, Genetics

Question 43

What does LDL cholesterol do?

Answer 43

Transports cholesterol from the liver, deposits it into the cells. "Bad"

Question 44

What does HDL cholesterol do?

Answer 44

Transports cholesterol from the arteries back the liver "Good".

Question 45

What do triglycerides do?

Answer 45

Transports lipids to be stored as adipose tissue.

Question 46

What do statins inhibit?

Answer 46

HMG CoA Reductase - a step in the process of cholesterol metabolism

Question 47

The process of atherosclerotic plaque development

Answer 47

Monocyte -> intimal layer -> macrophage -> ingests lipids -> becomes foam cell -> inflammation, growth

Question 48

What is chronic stable angina?

Answer 48

Atherosclerotic lesions have narrowed lumen. Increased 02 demand (exercise) causes reversible ischemia.

Question 49

What happens in ACS?

Answer 49

Rupture of unstable plaque causes platelet aggregation, clotting, blockage.

Question 50

What happens during formation of an aneurysm?

Answer 50

Chronic inflammation, hypertension, shear forces cause weakening and remodeling. Plaque formation further erodes vessel wall.

Question 51

What is a type A dissection?

Answer 51

Involves the ascending aorta.

Question 52

What are the three things needed for reentry dysrhythmia?

Answer 52

Dual pathway, retrograde conduction, and a block

Question 53

What are acyanotic defects?

Answer 53

Left to right shunt

Question 54

Examples of acyanotic defects?

Answer 54

PDA, ASD, VSD

Question 55

What are cyanotic defects?

Answer 55

Right to left shunt

Question 56

Examples of cyanotic defects?

Answer 56

Tet of fellot, tricuspid atresia