Immunity in the Newborn Flashcards
What part of immune system develops first?
thymus
What develops after thymus?
bone marrow and secondary lymphoid organs
What are intestinal microflora?
commensal microbes that interact with epithelial immune cells to promote functional development of the immune system
What kinds of immunity is found in newborns?
innate and adaptive
What is innate immunity like in newborns?
- newborns have antimicrobial molecules
- deficient in complement proteins
What is adaptive immunity like in newborns?
- responses are antibody skewed
- require maternal assistance
How do newborns require maternal assistance?
passive transfer of antibodies through colostrum
What is prenatal passive transfer dependent on? (non chickens)
placental structure
What prenatal passive transfer occurs for humans through placenta?
transfer of IgG
What prenatal passive transfer occurs for dogs and cats through placenta?
transfer of some IgG
What prenatal passive transfer occurs for ruminants, horses, and pigs through placenta?
prevention of IgG transfer
What do chickens recieve maternal antibodies from?
yolk
What antibody do chickens receive from yolk?
IgY (IgG) and IgM
How do animals get postnatal passive transfer?
colostrum
What is colostrum rich in?
- IgG and IgA
- cytokines
- lymphocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages
Where does the IgG and IgA in colostrum derive from?
bloodstream
What percentage of colostrum is IgG?
65-90%
What cytokines are in colostrum?
IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha, IFN-beta
How is colostrum absorbed?
- immediately after birth, protease activity in digestive tract is low and epithelium is more permeable to proteins
- antibodies get absorbed and enter lymph and blood streamW
What does colostrum have that helps with absorption?
protease inhibitors
For max absorption, when should colostrum get to animal?
within 0-6 hours of birth
What animals are selective for absortion?
pigs, dogs, and cats
What animals are not selective for absorption?
ruminants
How are pigs, dogs, and cats selevtive for absorption?
selectively absorb IgG while IgA stays along epithelium
What is immunity like in the young?
- local IgA responses appear early on
- maternal antibodies inhibit systematic B lymphocyte responses
- maternal antibodies will bind to pathogens and neutralize them before they are able to stimulate the animal’s own immune system
When will the animal develop its own immunity to pathogens?
when maternal antibodies are no longer present
When can animals be given vaccination?
need to take into account how long maternal antibodies persisit
