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MAT300 > Immunity > Flashcards

Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A

network of vessels
which reach almost all
tissues

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2
Q

What are the roles of the lymphatic system?

A

1) fluid recovery
2) immunity
3) lipid recovery

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3
Q

What is fluid recovery?

A

recovers fluid not picked up by cappilaries

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4
Q

What is immunity?

A

forgein materials and cells picked up in fluid

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5
Q

What is lipid recovery?

A

in small intestine

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6
Q

What are the components of the lymphatic system?

A

1) lymph
2) lymphatic vessels
3) lymphatic cells
4) lymphatic tissues
5) lymphatic organs

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7
Q

What is lymph?

A

recovered fluid

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8
Q

What are lymphatic vessels?

A

transport lymph (leaky capillaries

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9
Q

What are lymphatic cells?

A

T and B lymphocytes
NK cells
macrophages

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10
Q

What are lymphatic tissues?

A

aggregates of lymphocytes and macrophages (eg in mucosa)

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11
Q

What are lymphatic organs?

A

where lymphatic cells are connected and enclosed in connective tissue (eg red bone marrow)

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12
Q

What are the three lines of defences?

A

1) physical barriers
2) macrophages, natural killer cells, inflammation (non specific, innate immunity)
2) acquired immunity mediated by lymphocytes

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13
Q

What is an example of a physical barrier?

A

skin

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14
Q

What are examples of chemical barriers?

A

acidic pH of sweat and sebaceous secretions

fatty acids and hydrolytic enzymes

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15
Q

Why are mucous membranes considered barriers of defence?

A

mucus traps inhaled particles (dust)
watery saline layer allows cilia to push mucus to pharynx
particles do not enter cells

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16
Q

In what way is the body considered a hostile environment and can therefore be seen as a defence?

A

enzymes in saliva
acidic pH in stomach
proteolytic enzymes in bile and small intestine

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17
Q

What chemical defences are there in the body?

A

soluble factors found in blood serum include:

1) interferons (anti-viral protection)
2) complement protins (lead to pathogen destruction)

18
Q

What are the two types of immunity?

A

1) innate immunity (first line of defence)
-rapid, non-specific, present from birth
2) acquired immunity
= recognition of ‘non self’ antigens
- mediated by B cells (antibodies) and T cells

19
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

antigen non-specific
rapid (minutes to hours)
no memory

20
Q

What does innate immunity consist of/involve?

A

includes physical and chemical barriers (skin)
phagocytes and natural killer cells
soluble mediators (eg complement)
pattern recognition molecules

21
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A

antigen specific
slow (days)
memory

22
Q

What does adaptive immunity consist of/involve?

A

lymphocytes
antigen recognition molecules (B and T cell receptors)
secreted molecules (eg antibody)

23
Q

What is the role of natural killer cells?

A

1) NK cells release perforins which polymerise and form a hole in the enemy cell membrane
2) granzymes from NK cell enter perforin hole and degrade enemy cell enzymes
3) enemy cell dies by apoptosis
4) macrophage engulfs and digests dying cell

24
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A 
1) Macrophage
recognises a
pathogen.
2) Macrophage engulfs
the pathogen and
forms a phagosome.
3) Lysosome fuses with
phagosome.
4) Pathogen
enzymatically
digested.
25
Q

What is acquired immune response?

A

specific response to antigens
capable of immunological memory
can be cell mediated or antibody mediated
recognises antigens which are non-self

26
Q

What is an antigen?

A

molecule capable of inducing an immune response in the host organism

27
Q

What are antigen presenting cells?

A

a heterogeneous group of immune cells that mediate the cellular immune response by processing and presenting antigens for recognition by certain lymphocytes such as T cells.

28
Q

How do antigens and antigen presenting cells interact?

A

• Antigen presenting cells “sample” contents of the cell and present on the outside.
• Antigens are small fragments of peptide which bind to the MHC II.
• The MHC II with antigen is then moved to the
surface of the antigen presenting cell.
• When a corresponding T cell binds to the antigen it becomes activated.

29
Q

What is the overall process of immune response?

A

1) microbes enter through break in the skin and are phagocytosed by dendritic cells
2) activated dendritic cell carries microbial peptides to local lymph node
2) activated dendritic cell activated specific T cells to respond to microbial peptides bound to MHC proteins on dendritic cell surface
3) activated cells migrate to site of infection via the blood

30
Q

What are the different types of T cell?

A

1) naïve T cells
2) effector T cells
3) Memory T cells

31
Q

What are naïve T cells?

A

initially bind to antigen

32
Q

What are effector T cells?

A

usually short lived

1) Cytotoxic T cells: which can kill infected cells
2) Helper T cells: secrete cytokines to recruit more cells and to co-ordinate the attack

33
Q

What are memory T cells?

A

remain to enable a fast response for subsequent infections by the same antigen
T cells proliferate and undergo mitosis in response to activation.
All daughter cells have T cell receptors specific to the original antigen.
These T cells remain as Memory T cells.
If you are infected with the same antigen again, memory cells allow a faster and more effective response.

34
Q

What are T helper cells?

A

stimulate response by T and B cells

35
Q

What is the difference between T and B cells?

A

T cells

1) bind to antigens on antigen presenting cells
2) release cytokines to recruit/activate cells tp destroy pathogen
2) antigens bind to MHC of host cells

B cells

1) bind to antigens directly on pathogens or on APCs
2) produces antibodies
3) cannot respond to intracellular pathogens

36
Q

What is the process of humoral immunity?

A

1) antigen recognition:
2) antigen presentation:
3) clonal selection:
4) differentiation:
4) attack:

37
Q

What happens during antigen recognition of humoral immunity?

A

immunosuppresent B cells exposed to antigen. Antigen binds only to B cells which complementary receptors

38
Q

What happens during antigen presentation of humoral immunity ?

A

B cell internalises antigen and displays processes eptitope. Helper T cells binds to B cell and secretes interleukin.

39
Q

What happens during clonal selection of humoral immunity?

A

interleukin stimulated B cell to divide repeatedly and form a clone

40
Q

What happens during differentiation of humoral immunity?

A

some cells of the clone become memory B cells most differentiate into plasma cells

41
Q

What happens during attack of humoral immunity?

A

plasma cells synthesise and secrete antibodies. Antibody employs various means to render antigen harmless

42
Q

How do antibodies render antigens harmless?

A

1) covering pathogenic sites (neutralisation)
2) binding them together to form complexes which are harmless and can be removed or destroyed (agglutination)
3) activate a pathway of events (complement pathway) which leads to cell lysis and clearance by other cells

MAT300 (14 decks)

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