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MAT300 > Engineering Cartilage > Flashcards

Engineering Cartilage Flashcards

1
Q

Why engineering cartilage?

A

1) essential for good quality of life

2) it has little/no capacity for effective self repair

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2
Q

What is cartilage?

A

connective tissue

  • has a supporting role in the body
  • composed of cell (chondrocytes) embedded in an ECM
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3
Q

What is the extracellular matrix?

A

1) non cellular component present within all tissues and organs
- a collection of extracellular molecules secreted by cells
- provides structural and biochemical support to the surrounding cells

Functions:

  • essential physical scaffolding for cellular components
  • initiates crucial biochemical and biomechanical cue required for tissue morphogeneis, differentiation and homeostasis
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4
Q

What is the ECM composed of?

A

1) fibres: collagen

2) ground substance: semi-solid gel through which metabolites can diffuse

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5
Q

What is the ECM ground substance?

A

semi-solid gel
made up of proteins and fluid
many ECM proteins are a complex mixture of long chain molcules (polypeptide chain) with side chains (polysaccharide chains) - absorbs large amount of water: turns water into structural material (shock absorption)
water in between layers of cartilage = lubricant

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6
Q

What is the ECM ground substance made up of?

A

proteoglycans*
glycoproteins*
long carbohydrate chains***

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7
Q

What are the four types of cartilage?

A

hyaline
fibrous/elastic
elastic
hypertrophic

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8
Q

What is hyaline cartilage?

A

very dense, matric of collagen fibres and ground substance
mainly collagen II fibres in ECM
relatively large amount of ground substance
aggrecan is the predominant proteglycan

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9
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

A

joint surfaces

costal cartilage

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10
Q

What is fibrocartilage?

A

thick interlaced collagen fibres and less ground substance

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11
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found?

A

found in areas of high impact

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12
Q

What is elastic cartilage?

A

elastin and collagen fibres and some ground substance

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13
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found?

A

provides rigid structure - elastic framework (ears, nose)

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14
Q

What is hypertrophic cartilage?

A

most bones in the body are formed from a intermediate cartilage template
(remodelled into bone via endochondral ossification)

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15
Q

Where is hypertrophic cartilage found?

A

growth plate and during repairing bone fracture

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16
Q

Where is hypertrophic cartilage found?

A

growth plate, during repairing bone fracture

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17
Q

Why does orthopaedics support the idea of engineering cartilage?

A

potential for regenerative cell therapies and tissue engineering for cartilage regeneration

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18
Q

Where is the research focused for engineering cartilage?

A

cartilage regenerative cell therapies and TE focused on repair of articular cartilage lesions

19
Q

What is the structure of normal articular structure?

A

1) superficial zone
2) deep zone
3) calcified cartilage
4) subchondral bone

20
Q

What is the main function of cartilage?

A

biological shock absorber

forms an almost frictionless surface needed for joint movement

21
Q

What is the cell type in cartilage?

A

chondrocyte

22
Q

What is the intercellular matrix?

A

ECM between cells
rich in collagen II
proteoglycan (aggrecan)
**

23
Q

How does the lack of blood supple affects cartilage repair?

A

means it cant repair

mineralises instead

24
Q

Why is cartilage considered a shock absorber?

A

proteoglycans (aggrecan) molecules bind through a special linking protein to hyaluronic acid = large aggregates which can bind lots of water

25
Q

How does articular cartilage become dmagaed?

A

trauma

disease

26
Q

Cartilage facts…

A

10,000 cartilage injuries /year warrant surgical intervention
injuries to ligements -> joint misalignment -> osteoarthritis

27
Q

What are OA risk factor?

A

obesity

28
Q

Why is full function repair of OA important?

A

OA is common

29
Q

What is OA?

A

degenerative joint disease

causes pain

30
Q

What is OA?

A 
degenerative joint disease
causes pain, loss of joint function - joint mobility
joint swelling
joint deformity
stiffness
impaired quality of life
no cure (symptomatic relief)
=major clinical challenge
31
Q

Where are the common sites of osteoarthritis?

A

knees
hands
hips
spine

32
Q

Where are the common sites of osteoarthritis?

A

knees
hands/fingers (extremities)
hips
spine

33
Q

What are signs of OA in x ray?

A

bone spurs

loss of tissue

34
Q

What is OA pathology?

A

has a persistent inflammation component
- often low grade inflammation,
- acute synovitis
- overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines
chemokines, neuropeptides.
irreversible erosion of articular component

35
Q

What are the classical approaches to articular cartilage repair?

A

1) joint washout and debridement
- removes loose tissue debris, symptomatic relief (no effect on OA progression)
2) surface abrasion and microfracture
- symptomatic relief, fibrocartilage formation (no effect on OA progression)
3) total joint replacement

36
Q

What is total joint replacement?

A

one of the most successful operation

37
Q

What are the problems of total joint replacement?

A 
prosthetic loosening (5% may need revision surgery)
revision surgery more of problem in younger patients (below 60 years of age)
limited lifespan of prosthesis (shorter than life expectancy)
38
Q

Degeneration of IVD (DDD) a problem?

A

IVD- discs of fibrocartilage, mainly collagen I in AF and collagen II in NP
*******

39
Q

What is the need for effective regeneration of cartilage damaged by trauma and early osteoarthritis problems?

A

cartilage has limited ability to repair itself

40
Q

Why are faces important?

A

sense of identity
important in communication
disfigurement = loss of self esteem
****

41
Q

What are the current methods for facial surgical reconstruction?

A

1) customised soft tissue prosthesis
(silicone polymers)
2) surgical interventions
- tissue grafts need a good blood supply

42
Q

Why is it important to repair the trachea?

A

causes difficulty in breathing (stenosis in trachea and bronchi)

43
Q

What are the tissue components of the trachea?

A

1) cartilage rings = keeps trachea open

2) epithilium

44
Q

Where has the tissue engineered trachea gone wrong?

A

surgeon scientific fraud

1) switch from decellularized human tissue to synthetic biomaterial scaffold appears to have been a factor in some cases
2) was this work human experimentation without consent

MAT300 (14 decks)

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