Immunity Flashcards
What are the main functions of immunity
Defense
Homeostasis
Surveillance
What is an antigen
substance that elicits an immune response
what are most antigens composed of
protein, but some may be composed of large polysaccharides, lipoproteins and nucleic acids
what is innate immunity
immunity that is present at birth and its primary role is first-line defense against pathogens** Non-specific**
what are the primary WBC involved in innate immunity
neutrophils and monocytes
how fast does innate immunity respond
innate immunity responds within minutes to exposure of microorganism because it is non-specific so it does not need prior sensitization
How do you get active acquired immunity
it results in the invasion of our cells by a foreign microorganism and then develops antibodies and sensitized lymphocytes
what is the difference between artificial and natural active immunity
natural comes after fighting off an actual infection
artificial comes from receiving an immunization
how fast does active acquired immunity respond
it takes longer to respond to foreign substances because it takes time to develop (making proper antibodies) but it is a long-term immunity
what is passive acquired immunity
implies that the host receives antibodies to an antigen rather than synthesizing them
what is natural passive immunity
transfer of immunoglobulins from mother to baby- IgG
what is artificial passive immunity
occurs through injection with gamma globulins- injection of human gamma globulins
How fast does passive immunity respond
immediate effect but it is short lived because the antibodies are not synthesized and because cells do not retain the memory of the particular antigen
What are the central lymphoid organs
Thymus gland and bone marrow
what are the peripheral lymphoid organs
lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, and gut-, genital-, bronchial- and skin-associated lymphoid tissues
where are lymphocytes produced?
in bone marrow
where do T lymphocytes mature
in the thymus gland
what are the two major functions of lymph nodes
filtration of foreign material brought to the site and circulation of lymphocytes
why is the spleen important in immunity
the spleen is the primary site for filtering antigens from the blood
what are the two types of tissue in the spleen
the spleen consists of white pulp and red pulp
what cells are in the white pulp of the spleen
B and T lymphocytes
what lines the pulps and sinuses of the spleen
macrophages
what lymph tissue is associated with the skin?
consists of lymphocytes and langerhans cells - a type of dendritic cells
what are the mononuclear phagocytes
macrophages and monocytes
where are monocytes and macrophages found
monocytes- blood
macrophage- throughout body- tissue
what is the main function of mononuclear phagocytes
responsible for capturing, processing and presenting the antigen to the lymphocyte
where do B lymphocytes mature
in the bone marrow
what do B lymphocytes differentiated into
plasma cells when activated which plasma cells produce antibodies
what do you call batman when he skips church
christian Bale…. Hehehe
what is the primary responsibility of T lymphocyte
T lymphocytes are responsible for immunity to intracellular viruses, tumor cells, and fungi
what are the categories of T lymphocytes
T Cytotoxic cells and T helper cells
how long do T lymphocytes live
T lymphocytes live from a few months to the life span of the individual and account for long-term immunity
what is the function of T Cytotoxic cells
they are involved in attacking antigens on the cell membrane of foreign pathogens and releasing cytolytic substances and destroy pathogen
- some may remain as memory cells
What is the function of T helper cells
involved in the regulation of cell-mediated immunity and the humoral antibody response
what do T 1 helper cells do?
stimulate phagocyte-mediated ingestion and killing of microbes, the key component of cell-mediated immunity
what do T 2 helper cells do
stimulate eosinophil-mediated immunity, which is effective against parasites and is involved in allergic responses
what are Natural Killer Cells
they are large lymphocytes with large lymphocytes with numerous granules in the cytoplasm
what is the function of NK cells
they are involved in recognition and killing of virus-infected cells, tumor cells and trandplanted cells
What are dendritic cells
make up a system of cells that are important to the immune system, especially the cell mediated immune response- langerhans
what is the major function of dendritic cells
capture antigens at sites of contact with the external environment and then transport an antigen until it interacts with a T cell
- important in activating immune response
what do cytokines do
they instruct cells to alter their proliferation, differentiation, secretion, or activity.
The immune response, involves complex interactions of T cells, B cells, monocytes, and neutrophils
what is the function of interleukins
they act as immunomodulatory factors, colony-stimulating factors, colony-stimulating factors act as growth-regulating factors for hematopoietic cells
what is the function of interfeurons
they are antiviral and immunoregulatory
activation of NK cell production and activation and inhibition of tumor cell growth
what are some negative roles of cytokines
they can cause chronic inflammation, autoimmune disease and sepsis
what are the characteristics of IgG
largest serum concentration
found in interstitial fluid and plasma
only immunoglobulin that crosses the placenta
responsible for secondary immune response
what are the characteristics of IgA
body secretions, including tears, saliva, breast milk, colostrum
lines mucous membranes and protects body surface
what are the characteristics of IgM
found in plasma
is responsible for primary immune response
forms antibodies to ABO antigens
characteristics of IgD
plasma
is present on lymphocyte surface
assists in the differentiation of B lymphocytes
characteristics of IgE
smallest serum concentration found in plasma interstitial fluids causes symptoms of allergic reactions fixes to mast cells and basophils assists in defense against parasitic infections
Cells involved with humoral immunity
B lymphocyte
Products of humoral immunity
antibodies
are memory cells present in humoral immunity
yes
what does humoral immunity protect against
bacteria
viruses-extracellular
respiratory and GI pathogens
examples of humoral immunity
anaphylactic shock
atopic disease
transfusion reactions
bacterial infections
cells involved in cell-mediated immunity
t lymphocytes
macrophages
produces of cell-mediated immunity
sensitized T cells, cytokines
are memory cells present in cell-mediated immunity
yes
what do cell-mediated immunity protect against
fungus
viruses- intracellular
chronic infectious agents
tumor cells
examples of cell-mediated immunity
TB fungal infections contact dermatitis graft rejection destruction of cancer cells
In humoral response when does an immune response become evident?
4-8 days after the initial exposure
what is the first antibody made in humoral response
IgM followed by IgG
what are the primary function of cell mediated immunity
1- immunity against pathogens that survive inside of cells, including viruses and some bacteria 2- fungal infections 3- rejection of transplanted tissue 4- contact hypersensitivity reactions 5- tumor immunity
Gerontologic effects on the immune system
thymic involution
decreased cell-mediated immunity
decreased delayed hypersensitivity reaction
decrease interferon synthesis
decreased proliferative response of T and B cell
Decreased primary and secondary antibody responses
increased autoantibodies
what is immunocompetence
when the body’s immune system can identify and inactivate or destroy foreign substances
what happens when the immune system is incompeten
severe infections may occur, immunodeficient diseases, and malignancies
what happens when the immune system overeacts
hypersensitivity disorders may occur- allergies
what are hypersensitivity reactions
they are immune responses that over react to foreign antigens or its own tissue
what are autoimmune disease
hypersensitivity responses when the body fails to recognize self-proteins and reacts against self-antigens
what are the antigens in type 1 IgE-mediate
exogenous pollen, food, drugs, and dust
what are the antigens involved in type II: cytotoxic hypersensitivity
cell surfaces of RBCs and cell basement membranes
what are the antigens involved in type III immune complex reactions
extracellulal fungal, viral, bacterial
What are the antigens involved in type IV delayed hypersensitivity
intracellulla or extracellula
what are the antibodies involved in Type I mediated hypersensitivity
IgE
what are the antibodies involved in type II cytotoxic hypersitivity
IgG, IgM
what are the antibodies involved in Type III immune complex hypersensitiviy
IgG, IgM
what are the antibodies involved in Type IV delayed hypersensitivity
NONe
which hypersensitivity reactions is the complement system involved
Type II and type III
what are the major mediators of injury in type I hypersensitivity
Histamines
Mast Cells
Leukotriens
Prostoglandins
what are the major mediators of injury in Type II hypersensitivity
Complement Lysis
Macrophage in tissue
what are the major mediators of injury in type III hypersensitivty
Neutrophils
complement lysis
Monocytes and macrophage
lysosomal enzyme
what are the major mediators of injury in Type IV hypersensitivity
cytokines
T cytotoxic cells
Examples of Type I hypersensitivity
allergic rhinitis
asthma
Examples of Type II hypersensitivity
transfusion reaction
goodpasture syndrome
immune thrombocytoenic purpura
graves disease
Examples of Type III hypersensitivity
systemic lupus erythematosus
rheumatoid arthritis
Examples of Type IV hypersensitivity
contact dermatitis
poison IVY
what is the skin test of Type I hypersensitivity
wheal and flare
what is the skin test of Type II hypersensitivity
NONE
what is the skin test of Type III hypersensitivity
erythema and edema in 3-8 hr
what is the skin test of Type IV hypersensitivity
erythema and edema in 28-48hr - TB test
in Type I hypersensitivity which cells do IgE antibodies readily attach to
mast cells and basophils which release potent chemical mediators
what happens when a person is first exposed to an allergen in type I hypersensitivity
The allergen binds to B cells –> plasma cells then make a poop load of IgE antibodies to cause reaction–> IgE attach to mast cells and basophils
what happens when a person is exposed AGAIN to an allergen in type I hypersensitivity
the allergen binds to IgE on the mast cell or basophil which triggers degranulation of the cells and release the chemical mediators from the granules
what is the affect of releasing chemical mediators from granules in type I hypersensitivity
the chemicals attack target tissues causing allergy symptoms: increased vascular permeability, smooth muscle contraction, vasodilation, hypotension, increased secretion of mucus and itching
what is the anaphylactic localized cutaneous response
a wheal and flare reaction- pale wheal containing edematous fluid surrounded by a red wheal
what are the initial symptoms of anaphylaxis
edema and itching at the site of exposure to allergen
what are the neurologic symptoms of anaphylaxis
headache
dizziness
parasthesia
feeling of impending doom
what are the skin symptoms of anaphylaxis
pruritis
angioedema
erythema
urticaria
what are the respiratory symptoms of anaphylaxis
hoarseness coughing sensation of narrowed airway wheezing stridor dyspnea, tachypnea respiratory arrest
what are the cardiovascular symptoms of anaphylaxis
hypotension
dysrhythmias
tachycardia
cardiac arrest
what are the GI symptoms of anaphylaxis
cramping abdominal pain nausea vomiting diarrhea
what is the most common type I hypersensitivity reaction
hay fever- allergic rhinitis
what are the target affected areas in allergic rhinits
conjunctiva of eyes
mucosa of upper respiratory tract
what are the symptoms of allergic rhinitis
nasal discharge
sneezing
lacrimation
mucosal swelling with airway obstruction
pruritus around eyes, nose, throat and mouth
what are the symptoms of asthma
dyspnea, wheezing, coughing, tightness in chest and thick sputum
what is atopic dermatitis
a chronic inherited skin disorders characterized by exacerbation and remissions
how is cellular tissue destroyed in type II hypersensitivity reactions
activation of the complement system resulting in cytolysis
enhanced phagocytosis
what cells are frequently destroyed in type II hypersensitivity reactions
RBC, platelets, leukocytes
what is goodpasture syndrome
disorder involving the lungs and kidneys- it occurs in alveolar and glomerular basement membranes
activates complement system
can cause pulmonary hemorrhage and glomerulaonephritis
what do allergy blood tests- test for
they test for IgE antibodies to a specific allergen - done using Elisa
what are the cardinal principle steps in managing anaphylaxis
1- recognition of signs and symptoms 2- maintenance of a patent airway 3- prevention of spread of allergen by using a tourniquet 4- administration of drugs 5- treatment for shock
Antihistamines are used to treat?
best to treat allergic rhinitis and urticaria
how do antihistamines work
they compete with histamines for receptor sites- should be taken as soon as symptoms appear
Sympathomimetic/decongestant drug- epinephrine cause what
they cause peripheral blood vessels vasoconstriction and relaxes bronchial smooth muscles
what cells do Sympathomimetic/decongestant drugs work on
mast cells to stabilize them from further degranulation
Autoimmunity
is an immune response against self in which the immune system no longer differentiates self from nonself
what is the most common lymphocyte?
T lymphocyte
what disease do you get from decorating christmas trees
tinselitus
guess what
I quit flashcards
hehehe
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FlqMnDUtfOQ
