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Nursing 337 > Immunity > Flashcards

Immunity Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the main functions of immunity

A

Defense
Homeostasis
Surveillance

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2
Q

What is an antigen

A

substance that elicits an immune response

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3
Q

what are most antigens composed of

A

protein, but some may be composed of large polysaccharides, lipoproteins and nucleic acids

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4
Q

what is innate immunity

A

immunity that is present at birth and its primary role is first-line defense against pathogens** Non-specific**

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5
Q

what are the primary WBC involved in innate immunity

A

neutrophils and monocytes

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6
Q

how fast does innate immunity respond

A

innate immunity responds within minutes to exposure of microorganism because it is non-specific so it does not need prior sensitization

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7
Q

How do you get active acquired immunity

A

it results in the invasion of our cells by a foreign microorganism and then develops antibodies and sensitized lymphocytes

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8
Q

what is the difference between artificial and natural active immunity

A

natural comes after fighting off an actual infection

artificial comes from receiving an immunization

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9
Q

how fast does active acquired immunity respond

A

it takes longer to respond to foreign substances because it takes time to develop (making proper antibodies) but it is a long-term immunity

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10
Q

what is passive acquired immunity

A

implies that the host receives antibodies to an antigen rather than synthesizing them

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11
Q

what is natural passive immunity

A

transfer of immunoglobulins from mother to baby- IgG

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12
Q

what is artificial passive immunity

A

occurs through injection with gamma globulins- injection of human gamma globulins

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13
Q

How fast does passive immunity respond

A

immediate effect but it is short lived because the antibodies are not synthesized and because cells do not retain the memory of the particular antigen

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14
Q

What are the central lymphoid organs

A

Thymus gland and bone marrow

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15
Q

what are the peripheral lymphoid organs

A

lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, and gut-, genital-, bronchial- and skin-associated lymphoid tissues

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16
Q

where are lymphocytes produced?

A

in bone marrow

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17
Q

where do T lymphocytes mature

A

in the thymus gland

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18
Q

what are the two major functions of lymph nodes

A

filtration of foreign material brought to the site and circulation of lymphocytes

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19
Q

why is the spleen important in immunity

A

the spleen is the primary site for filtering antigens from the blood

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20
Q

what are the two types of tissue in the spleen

A

the spleen consists of white pulp and red pulp

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21
Q

what cells are in the white pulp of the spleen

A

B and T lymphocytes

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22
Q

what lines the pulps and sinuses of the spleen

A

macrophages

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23
Q

what lymph tissue is associated with the skin?

A

consists of lymphocytes and langerhans cells - a type of dendritic cells

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24
Q

what are the mononuclear phagocytes

A

macrophages and monocytes

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25
Q

where are monocytes and macrophages found

A

monocytes- blood

macrophage- throughout body- tissue

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26
Q

what is the main function of mononuclear phagocytes

A

responsible for capturing, processing and presenting the antigen to the lymphocyte

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27
Q

where do B lymphocytes mature

A

in the bone marrow

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28
Q

what do B lymphocytes differentiated into

A

plasma cells when activated which plasma cells produce antibodies

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29
Q

what do you call batman when he skips church

A

christian Bale…. Hehehe

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30
Q

what is the primary responsibility of T lymphocyte

A

T lymphocytes are responsible for immunity to intracellular viruses, tumor cells, and fungi

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31
Q

what are the categories of T lymphocytes

A

T Cytotoxic cells and T helper cells

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32
Q

how long do T lymphocytes live

A

T lymphocytes live from a few months to the life span of the individual and account for long-term immunity

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33
Q

what is the function of T Cytotoxic cells

A

they are involved in attacking antigens on the cell membrane of foreign pathogens and releasing cytolytic substances and destroy pathogen
- some may remain as memory cells

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34
Q

What is the function of T helper cells

A

involved in the regulation of cell-mediated immunity and the humoral antibody response

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35
Q

what do T 1 helper cells do?

A

stimulate phagocyte-mediated ingestion and killing of microbes, the key component of cell-mediated immunity

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36
Q

what do T 2 helper cells do

A

stimulate eosinophil-mediated immunity, which is effective against parasites and is involved in allergic responses

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37
Q

what are Natural Killer Cells

A

they are large lymphocytes with large lymphocytes with numerous granules in the cytoplasm

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38
Q

what is the function of NK cells

A

they are involved in recognition and killing of virus-infected cells, tumor cells and trandplanted cells

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39
Q

What are dendritic cells

A

make up a system of cells that are important to the immune system, especially the cell mediated immune response- langerhans

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40
Q

what is the major function of dendritic cells

A

capture antigens at sites of contact with the external environment and then transport an antigen until it interacts with a T cell
- important in activating immune response

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41
Q

what do cytokines do

A

they instruct cells to alter their proliferation, differentiation, secretion, or activity.
The immune response, involves complex interactions of T cells, B cells, monocytes, and neutrophils

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42
Q

what is the function of interleukins

A

they act as immunomodulatory factors, colony-stimulating factors, colony-stimulating factors act as growth-regulating factors for hematopoietic cells

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43
Q

what is the function of interfeurons

A

they are antiviral and immunoregulatory

activation of NK cell production and activation and inhibition of tumor cell growth

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44
Q

what are some negative roles of cytokines

A

they can cause chronic inflammation, autoimmune disease and sepsis

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45
Q

what are the characteristics of IgG

A

largest serum concentration
found in interstitial fluid and plasma
only immunoglobulin that crosses the placenta
responsible for secondary immune response

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46
Q

what are the characteristics of IgA

A

body secretions, including tears, saliva, breast milk, colostrum
lines mucous membranes and protects body surface

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47
Q

what are the characteristics of IgM

A

found in plasma
is responsible for primary immune response
forms antibodies to ABO antigens

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48
Q

characteristics of IgD

A

plasma
is present on lymphocyte surface
assists in the differentiation of B lymphocytes

49
Q

characteristics of IgE

A 
smallest serum concentration
found in plasma interstitial fluids
causes symptoms of allergic reactions
fixes to mast cells and basophils
assists in defense against parasitic infections
50
Q

Cells involved with humoral immunity

A

B lymphocyte

51
Q

Products of humoral immunity

A

antibodies

52
Q

are memory cells present in humoral immunity

A

yes

53
Q

what does humoral immunity protect against

A

bacteria
viruses-extracellular
respiratory and GI pathogens

54
Q

examples of humoral immunity

A

anaphylactic shock
atopic disease
transfusion reactions
bacterial infections

55
Q

cells involved in cell-mediated immunity

A

t lymphocytes

macrophages

56
Q

produces of cell-mediated immunity

A

sensitized T cells, cytokines

57
Q

are memory cells present in cell-mediated immunity

A

yes

58
Q

what do cell-mediated immunity protect against

A

fungus
viruses- intracellular
chronic infectious agents
tumor cells

59
Q

examples of cell-mediated immunity

A 
TB
fungal infections
contact dermatitis
graft rejection
destruction of cancer cells
60
Q

In humoral response when does an immune response become evident?

A

4-8 days after the initial exposure

61
Q

what is the first antibody made in humoral response

A

IgM followed by IgG

62
Q

what are the primary function of cell mediated immunity

A 
1- immunity against pathogens that survive inside of cells, including viruses and some bacteria
2- fungal infections
3- rejection of transplanted tissue
4- contact hypersensitivity reactions
5- tumor immunity
63
Q

Gerontologic effects on the immune system

A

thymic involution
decreased cell-mediated immunity
decreased delayed hypersensitivity reaction
decrease interferon synthesis
decreased proliferative response of T and B cell
Decreased primary and secondary antibody responses
increased autoantibodies

64
Q

what is immunocompetence

A

when the body’s immune system can identify and inactivate or destroy foreign substances

65
Q

what happens when the immune system is incompeten

A

severe infections may occur, immunodeficient diseases, and malignancies

66
Q

what happens when the immune system overeacts

A

hypersensitivity disorders may occur- allergies

67
Q

what are hypersensitivity reactions

A

they are immune responses that over react to foreign antigens or its own tissue

68
Q

what are autoimmune disease

A

hypersensitivity responses when the body fails to recognize self-proteins and reacts against self-antigens

69
Q

what are the antigens in type 1 IgE-mediate

A

exogenous pollen, food, drugs, and dust

70
Q

what are the antigens involved in type II: cytotoxic hypersensitivity

A

cell surfaces of RBCs and cell basement membranes

71
Q

what are the antigens involved in type III immune complex reactions

A

extracellulal fungal, viral, bacterial

72
Q

What are the antigens involved in type IV delayed hypersensitivity

A

intracellulla or extracellula

73
Q

what are the antibodies involved in Type I mediated hypersensitivity

A

IgE

74
Q

what are the antibodies involved in type II cytotoxic hypersitivity

A

IgG, IgM

75
Q

what are the antibodies involved in Type III immune complex hypersensitiviy

A

IgG, IgM

76
Q

what are the antibodies involved in Type IV delayed hypersensitivity

A

NONe

77
Q

which hypersensitivity reactions is the complement system involved

A

Type II and type III

78
Q

what are the major mediators of injury in type I hypersensitivity

A

Histamines
Mast Cells
Leukotriens
Prostoglandins

79
Q

what are the major mediators of injury in Type II hypersensitivity

A

Complement Lysis

Macrophage in tissue

80
Q

what are the major mediators of injury in type III hypersensitivty

A

Neutrophils
complement lysis
Monocytes and macrophage
lysosomal enzyme

81
Q

what are the major mediators of injury in Type IV hypersensitivity

A

cytokines

T cytotoxic cells

82
Q

Examples of Type I hypersensitivity

A

allergic rhinitis

asthma

83
Q

Examples of Type II hypersensitivity

A

transfusion reaction
goodpasture syndrome
immune thrombocytoenic purpura
graves disease

84
Q

Examples of Type III hypersensitivity

A

systemic lupus erythematosus

rheumatoid arthritis

85
Q

Examples of Type IV hypersensitivity

A

contact dermatitis

poison IVY

86
Q

what is the skin test of Type I hypersensitivity

A

wheal and flare

87
Q

what is the skin test of Type II hypersensitivity

A

NONE

88
Q

what is the skin test of Type III hypersensitivity

A

erythema and edema in 3-8 hr

89
Q

what is the skin test of Type IV hypersensitivity

A

erythema and edema in 28-48hr - TB test

90
Q

in Type I hypersensitivity which cells do IgE antibodies readily attach to

A

mast cells and basophils which release potent chemical mediators

91
Q

what happens when a person is first exposed to an allergen in type I hypersensitivity

A

The allergen binds to B cells –> plasma cells then make a poop load of IgE antibodies to cause reaction–> IgE attach to mast cells and basophils

92
Q

what happens when a person is exposed AGAIN to an allergen in type I hypersensitivity

A

the allergen binds to IgE on the mast cell or basophil which triggers degranulation of the cells and release the chemical mediators from the granules

93
Q

what is the affect of releasing chemical mediators from granules in type I hypersensitivity

A

the chemicals attack target tissues causing allergy symptoms: increased vascular permeability, smooth muscle contraction, vasodilation, hypotension, increased secretion of mucus and itching

94
Q

what is the anaphylactic localized cutaneous response

A

a wheal and flare reaction- pale wheal containing edematous fluid surrounded by a red wheal

95
Q

what are the initial symptoms of anaphylaxis

A

edema and itching at the site of exposure to allergen

96
Q

what are the neurologic symptoms of anaphylaxis

A

headache
dizziness
parasthesia
feeling of impending doom

97
Q

what are the skin symptoms of anaphylaxis

A

pruritis
angioedema
erythema
urticaria

98
Q

what are the respiratory symptoms of anaphylaxis

A 
hoarseness
coughing 
sensation of narrowed airway
wheezing stridor
dyspnea, tachypnea
respiratory arrest
99
Q

what are the cardiovascular symptoms of anaphylaxis

A

hypotension
dysrhythmias
tachycardia
cardiac arrest

100
Q

what are the GI symptoms of anaphylaxis

A 
cramping
abdominal pain
nausea
vomiting
diarrhea
101
Q

what is the most common type I hypersensitivity reaction

A

hay fever- allergic rhinitis

102
Q

what are the target affected areas in allergic rhinits

A

conjunctiva of eyes

mucosa of upper respiratory tract

103
Q

what are the symptoms of allergic rhinitis

A

nasal discharge
sneezing
lacrimation
mucosal swelling with airway obstruction
pruritus around eyes, nose, throat and mouth

104
Q

what are the symptoms of asthma

A

dyspnea, wheezing, coughing, tightness in chest and thick sputum

105
Q

what is atopic dermatitis

A

a chronic inherited skin disorders characterized by exacerbation and remissions

106
Q

how is cellular tissue destroyed in type II hypersensitivity reactions

A

activation of the complement system resulting in cytolysis

enhanced phagocytosis

107
Q

what cells are frequently destroyed in type II hypersensitivity reactions

A

RBC, platelets, leukocytes

108
Q

what is goodpasture syndrome

A

disorder involving the lungs and kidneys- it occurs in alveolar and glomerular basement membranes
activates complement system
can cause pulmonary hemorrhage and glomerulaonephritis

109
Q

what do allergy blood tests- test for

A

they test for IgE antibodies to a specific allergen - done using Elisa

110
Q

what are the cardinal principle steps in managing anaphylaxis

A 
1- recognition of signs and symptoms
2- maintenance of a patent airway
3- prevention of spread of allergen by using a tourniquet
4- administration of drugs 
5- treatment for shock
111
Q

Antihistamines are used to treat?

A

best to treat allergic rhinitis and urticaria

112
Q

how do antihistamines work

A

they compete with histamines for receptor sites- should be taken as soon as symptoms appear

113
Q

Sympathomimetic/decongestant drug- epinephrine cause what

A

they cause peripheral blood vessels vasoconstriction and relaxes bronchial smooth muscles

114
Q

what cells do Sympathomimetic/decongestant drugs work on

A

mast cells to stabilize them from further degranulation

115
Q

Autoimmunity

A

is an immune response against self in which the immune system no longer differentiates self from nonself

116
Q

what is the most common lymphocyte?

A

T lymphocyte

117
Q

what disease do you get from decorating christmas trees

A

tinselitus

118
Q

guess what

A

I quit flashcards

119
Q

hehehe

A

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FlqMnDUtfOQ

Nursing 337 (9 decks)

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