Book Flashcards on Fluids
Normal bicarbonate levels
22-26 mEq/L
Normal ChlorideLevels
96-106 mEq/L
Phosphate normal levels
2.4-4.4 mg/dL
Potassium normal level
3.5-5.0 mEq/L
Magnesium normal levels
1.5-2.5 mEq/L
Normal sodium level
135-145 mEq/L
Normal Calcium total
8.6-10.2 mg/dL
Normal Calcium ionized
4.6-5.3mg/dL
Explain diffusion
movement of molecules from a higher concentration to lower concentration
passive action
Explain facilitated diffusion
movement of molecules from a higher concentration to lower concentration
requires a protein channel
Explain active transport
process in which molecules move against the concentration gradient
requires external energy
sodium potassium pump
Explain osmosis
movement of water down a concentration gradient, a region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration
What is osmotic pressure
the pull from a solution on water, higher the solute concentration, higher the osmotic pressure
what is osmolarity
measures the total milliosmoles per liter of solution
the concentration of molecules per volume of solution
what is osmolality
measures the number of millosmoles per kilogram of water
what is a normal plasma osmolality
275-295 mOsm/kg
Isotonic solution
a solution that has the same solute concentration as the cells
Hypotonic solution
a solution that is less concentrated than surrounding cells resulting in a net fluid movement into the cells
Hypertonic solution
a solution that is more concentrated than surrounding cells resulting in a net fluid movement out of the cells, resulting in cell shrinkage
Hydrostatic pressure
is the force within a fluid compartment
Oncotic pressure
is the osmotic pressure caused by plasma colloids in solution
What regulates fluid balance
hypothalmic-pituitary regulation renal regulation adrenal cotical regulation cardiac regulation gastrointestinal regulation
Explain how the hypothalamus and pituitary gland help to maintain water balance
Intact thirst mechanism
Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus sense a body fluid deficit which stimulates ADH release
How does aldosterone (mineralocorticoid) maintain water balance
potent sodium retaining and potassium-excreting capabilities
What are some considerations for older adults and fluid and electrolytes?
especially susceptible structural changes to the kidneys decreased GFR decrease in renin and aldosterone increase in ADH and ANP decreased thirst mechanism
Causes of ECF volume deficit
increase in insensible water or perspiration DI osmotic diuresis hemorrhage GI loss overuse of diuretics Burns
Causes of ECF volume excess
excessive isotonic or hypotonic IV fluids heart failure renal failure primary polydipsia SIADH cushing syndrome
What are the major actions of sodium
play a role in generation and transmission of nerve impulses
Muscle contractility
regulation of acid-base balance
what is the major regulatory organ of sodium?
the kidneys
how do the kidneys regulate sodium levels?
by excreting or retaining water under the influence of ADH & Aldosterone
Hypernatremia
an elevated serum sodium, may occur with water loss or sodium gain
causes of hypernatremia
IV fluids: hypertonic NaCl, excessive isotonic NaCl, IV sodium bicarbonate
Hypertonic tube feedings without water supplements
Near-drowning in salt water
inadequate water intake
excessive water loss
disease state
