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Nursing 337 > Book Flashcards on Fluids > Flashcards

Book Flashcards on Fluids

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1
Q

Normal bicarbonate levels

A

22-26 mEq/L

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2
Q

Normal ChlorideLevels

A

96-106 mEq/L

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3
Q

Phosphate normal levels

A

2.4-4.4 mg/dL

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4
Q

Potassium normal level

A

3.5-5.0 mEq/L

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5
Q

Magnesium normal levels

A

1.5-2.5 mEq/L

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6
Q

Normal sodium level

A

135-145 mEq/L

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7
Q

Normal Calcium total

A

8.6-10.2 mg/dL

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8
Q

Normal Calcium ionized

A

4.6-5.3mg/dL

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9
Q

Explain diffusion

A

movement of molecules from a higher concentration to lower concentration
passive action

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10
Q

Explain facilitated diffusion

A

movement of molecules from a higher concentration to lower concentration
requires a protein channel

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11
Q

Explain active transport

A

process in which molecules move against the concentration gradient
requires external energy
sodium potassium pump

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12
Q

Explain osmosis

A

movement of water down a concentration gradient, a region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration

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13
Q

What is osmotic pressure

A

the pull from a solution on water, higher the solute concentration, higher the osmotic pressure

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14
Q

what is osmolarity

A

measures the total milliosmoles per liter of solution

the concentration of molecules per volume of solution

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15
Q

what is osmolality

A

measures the number of millosmoles per kilogram of water

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16
Q

what is a normal plasma osmolality

A

275-295 mOsm/kg

17
Q

Isotonic solution

A

a solution that has the same solute concentration as the cells

18
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

a solution that is less concentrated than surrounding cells resulting in a net fluid movement into the cells

19
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

a solution that is more concentrated than surrounding cells resulting in a net fluid movement out of the cells, resulting in cell shrinkage

20
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

is the force within a fluid compartment

21
Q

Oncotic pressure

A

is the osmotic pressure caused by plasma colloids in solution

22
Q

What regulates fluid balance

A 
hypothalmic-pituitary regulation
renal regulation
adrenal cotical regulation
cardiac regulation
gastrointestinal regulation
23
Q

Explain how the hypothalamus and pituitary gland help to maintain water balance

A

Intact thirst mechanism

Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus sense a body fluid deficit which stimulates ADH release

24
Q

How does aldosterone (mineralocorticoid) maintain water balance

A

potent sodium retaining and potassium-excreting capabilities

25
Q

What are some considerations for older adults and fluid and electrolytes?

A 
especially susceptible 
structural changes to the kidneys
decreased GFR 
decrease in renin and aldosterone 
increase in ADH and ANP 
decreased thirst mechanism
26
Q

Causes of ECF volume deficit

A 
increase in insensible water or perspiration
DI
osmotic diuresis
hemorrhage 
GI loss 
overuse of diuretics 
Burns
27
Q

Causes of ECF volume excess

A 
excessive isotonic or hypotonic IV fluids
heart failure
renal failure
primary polydipsia
SIADH 
cushing syndrome
28
Q

What are the major actions of sodium

A

play a role in generation and transmission of nerve impulses
Muscle contractility
regulation of acid-base balance

29
Q

what is the major regulatory organ of sodium?

A

the kidneys

30
Q

how do the kidneys regulate sodium levels?

A

by excreting or retaining water under the influence of ADH & Aldosterone

31
Q

Hypernatremia

A

an elevated serum sodium, may occur with water loss or sodium gain

32
Q

causes of hypernatremia

A

IV fluids: hypertonic NaCl, excessive isotonic NaCl, IV sodium bicarbonate
Hypertonic tube feedings without water supplements
Near-drowning in salt water
inadequate water intake
excessive water loss
disease state

Nursing 337 (9 decks)

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