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Med-Surg > Immunity > Flashcards

Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different types of leukocytes and their functions

A

neutrophils - inflammatory response
eosinophils and basophils - allergic reactions and stress reactions

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2
Q

What are the different kinds of non-granular lymphocytes and their functions?

A

macrophages - phagocytosis
null lymphocytes - antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity
natural killer cells - secrete macrophage activating cytokines

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3
Q

What is the function of B-cells?

A

B-cells produce antibodies that are specific to a specific antigen tag them for T-cells.

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4
Q

What is the function of CD4 cells?

A

Helper T cells summon other lymphocytes during infection

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5
Q

What is the function of CD8 cells?

A

Killer T-cells bind to antigens and attack the cells.

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6
Q

How do antibodies provide defense against antigens?

A

Agglutination - clumping of antigens
Opsonization - facilitate phagocytosis
stimulates release of histamines and cytokines

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7
Q

What are the 5 signs of inflammation

A
  1. redness
  2. warmth
  3. swelling
  4. pain
  5. loss of function
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8
Q

What is autoimmunity and some examples?

A

Attack against self cells.
Rheumatoid arthritis, SLE

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9
Q

What is alloimmunity and examples?

A

Rejection of foreign tissue.
Graft/transplant rejection. Blood transfusion reaction.

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10
Q

What are some examples of natural or innate immunity, and their characteristics?

A

Physical barriers, chemical barriers, mechanical responses.
Characteristics: non-specific, first-line defense, rapid & generalized response

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11
Q

How do macrophages respond to initial infection?

A

Macrophages perform phagocytosis, release cytokines, and stimulate inflammation.

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12
Q

How does humoral immunity work?

A

Antibody mediated: B-lymphocytes differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies to protect against pathogens. Memory B-cells allow for greater and faster response in subsequent infections.

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13
Q

How does cell-mediated immunity work?

A

CD8 bind to antigen-presenting pathogens and induces apoptosis. CD4 cells secrete cytokines to attract other immune cells. Suppressor T-cells suppress immune response, while memory T-cells prepare for future infections.

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14
Q

What molecules are responsible for allergic reactions?

A

IgE antibodies trigger mast cells/basophils

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15
Q

Histamine S/Sx

A
  • erythema
  • localized edema
  • decreased BP
  • increased HR
  • increased secretion of gastric/mucosal cells
  • increased vascular permeability
  • increased smooth muscle contraction
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16
Q

H1 antagonists

A

diphenhydramine (Benadryl), loratadine (Claritin)

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17
Q

H2 antagonists

A

Cimetidine (Tagamet), Ranitidine (Zantac)

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18
Q

What are the treatment steps for anaphylaxis?

A
  • remove allergen
  • provide O2 or CPR
  • call RRT
  • Trendelenburg position
  • medications per orders
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19
Q

What are the medications used in case of anaphylaxis?

A
  • epinephrine SQ 1:1000
  • IV fluids
  • albuterol
  • diphenhydramine
  • corticosteroids
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20
Q

What type of reaction is an anaphylactic reaction?

A

Type I Hypersensitivity Reaction

21
Q

What type of reaction is a transfusion reaction?

A

Type II Cytotoxic reaction or alloimmune reaction.

22
Q

What type of reaction is a transplant rejection?

A

Type IV Delayed hypersensitivity reaction or alloimmune reaction.

23
Q

What type of reaction is Sjogren’s Syndrome?

A

Type II Cytotoxic reaction or autoimmune reaction

24
Q

What type of reaction is Rheumatoid Arthritis?

A

Type III Immune complex reaction or autoimmune reaction

25
Q

What type of reaction is SLE?

A

Type III Immune Complex reaction or autoimmune reaction

26
Q

What type of reaction is a skin TB test?

A

Type IV Delayed Hypersensitivity reaction

27
Q

What is a Type I Hypersensitivity reaction

A

It is an overreaction of the immune system and igE overproduction due to an antigen or allergen

28
Q

What is a Type II Cytotoxic Reaction

A

A special reaction in which the immune system attacks self cells because antibodies attach to self-cells

29
Q

What is a Type III Immune Complex Reaction?

A

Excessive antigen response resulting in acute or chronic inflammation

30
Q

What is a Type IV Delayed Hypersensitivity reaction?

A

A delayed reaction after exposure to an antigen

31
Q

What is the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis

A

Inflammatory responses break down collagen in synovial tissues, resulting in edema, nerve compression, pain, and nerve cell breakdown.

32
Q

What is the pathophysiology of SLE?

A

Immune responses recognize cellular components of self cells as foreign, causing chronic activation of B and T cells.

33
Q

What is the pathophysiology of Goodpasture’s Syndrome?

A

immune response against glomerular basement membranes and neutrophils, commonly in lungs and kidneys

34
Q

What is the pathophysiology of Sjogren’s Syndrome?

A

Autoimmune response to mucosa and glands, usually lacrimal, salivary, and vaginal.

35
Q

Rituximab

A

monoclonal antibody Tx for Sjogren’s Syndrome

36
Q

methotrexate

A

Rheumatrex
DMARD treatment for RA and SLE
immunosuppressant

37
Q

medications for RA

A

methotrexate
prednisone
NSAIDs
cyclosporine

38
Q

medications for SLE

A

monoclonal antibody
corticosteroids
methotrexate
NSAIDs

39
Q

S/Sx SLE

A

skin: butterfly rash, photosensitivity, oral ulcers
cardiac: pleural effusion, HTN, dysrhythmias, CVD
hematologic: anemia
musculoskeletal: joint pain
renal: nephritis, renal failure
neurological: psychosis, cognitive impairment, seizure, neuropathy, stroke

40
Q

S/Sx Rheumatoid Arthritis

A

symmetrical joint pain, swelling, warmth, erythema, loss of function
spongy or boggy tissue
fluid-filled joints or nodules
anemia
lymph node enlargement
Raynaud’s syndrome
neuropathy
splenomegaly
pericarditis
Sjogren’s syndrome

41
Q

Diagnostic tests for immune function

A

CBC w/ differential
serum IgE, ANA, cDNA, anti-CCP, CRP levels
skin test

42
Q

S/Sx Anaphylaxis

A

flushing
urticaria
angioedema
hypotension
tachycardia
bronchoconstriction
N/V
diarrhea
pain
wet eyes/stuffy nose
(10)

43
Q

Determine the isolation precautions for the following diseases.
C. diff
HiB
Pertussis
Measles
TB
Mumps
Rubella
MRSA
VRSA
Pneumonia
Varicella
Herpes

A

C. diff - contact
HiB - droplet
Pertussis - droplet
Measles - airborne
TB - airborne
Mumps - droplet
Rubella - droplet
MRSA - contact
VRSA - contact
Pneumonia - droplet
Varicella - airborne
Herpes - contact

44
Q

What is the pathophysiology of Raynaud phenomenon?

A

Type III hypersensitivity response causes acute inflammation and increased clotting factors, which causes swelling, decreased blood flow, and increase blood viscosity.

45
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of AIDS?

A

opportunistic infections
recurrent pneumonia
wasting syndrome
Kaposi’s sarcoma (purple lesions)
candidiasis
herpes simplex > 1 month
lymphoma

46
Q

What are the classifications of HIV

A

Stage 1: CD4 = >500 cells/mm, >29%
Stage 2: CD4 = 200-499 cells/mm, 14-28%
Stage 3 (AIDS) : CD4 < 200 cell/mm, <14%
- other signs and symptoms

47
Q

What are signs and symptoms of HIV

A

chills, rash, nausea, weight loss, fatigue, weakness, sore throat, night sweats
anemia, thrombocytopenia (<150,000), leukopenia

48
Q

What are the diagnostic tests for HIV infection?

A

ELISA and Western blot or IFA antibody tests.
HIV RNA viral load test

48
Q

What are the diagnostic tests for HIV infection?

A

ELISA and Western blot or IFA antibody tests.
HIV RNA viral load test

Med-Surg (14 decks)

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