Immunisations

Question 1

describe what passive immunity is

Answer 1

transfer of pre-formed antibodies(immunoglobins)

Question 2

what are the 2 different methods of passive immunity

Answer 2

mother to unborn baby via placenta

or from another person or animal via antibodies form donors

Question 3

describe the mechanism of effect of vaccines

Answer 3

induce cell mediated immunity responses and serum antibodies

Question 4

describe what is given in a live virus vaccine, and give an example

Answer 4

attenuated organism, replicates in the host

example = measles, mumps etc.

Question 5

what different types of inactivated vaccines are there

Answer 5

suspensions of killed organisms, subunit vaccines, conjugate vaccines

Question 6

describe what subunit and conjugate vaccines are

Answer 6

subunit = toxoids or polysaccharides
conjugate = polysaccharide attached to immunogenic proteins

Question 7

what are some of the contraindications to vaccines

Answer 7

confirmed anaphylaxis to previous dose/vaccine component, or if you have an acute/evolving illness

Question 8

what are some of the contraindications specific to live vaccines

Answer 8

immunosuppression, pregnancy

Question 9

describe the concept of herd immunity

Answer 9

protect unvaccinated individuals through having sufficiently large proportion of population vaccinated

Question 10

how is the proportion of population needing to be vaccinated for herd immunity calculated

Answer 10

based on; transmissibility and infectiousness or organism, also social mixing in population

Question 11

describe how vaccine acceptability is decided

Answer 11

if disease burden before vaccine outweighs known risk of the vaccine

Question 12

what are the individual benefits of vaccines

Answer 12

reduce burden of disease and maintain underlying health

Question 13

what are the population benefits of vaccines

Answer 13

reduce community transmission, reduce societal burden, reduce healthcare utilisation, tackle inequalities