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Child Health > Immunisations > Flashcards

Immunisations Flashcards

1
Q

Usually an antigen will be either a _________ or ____________

A

Usually an antigen will be either a protein or polysaccharide

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2
Q

In which two main instances can immunity be classed as passive?

A

Transfer of preformed antibodies

  1. Mother to unborn baby via placenta
  2. From one person/animal to another
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3
Q

What are the main benefits to passive immunity?

A
  1. Rapid action
  2. Can use post exposure
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4
Q

What are the main disadvantages to passive immunity?

A
  1. Short term protection only
  2. Potential hypersensitivity reaction
  3. Expensive
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5
Q

In which two main instances can active immunity be acquired?

A
  1. Natural infection and recovery
  2. Immunisation
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6
Q

What is “herd immunity”?

A

When enough individuals within a population are immune to a pathogen so that the pathogen is unable to access vulnerable members of population

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7
Q

What are the two main type of vaccine?

A
  1. Live virus
  2. Inactivated virus
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8
Q

Which type of live virus will be used in a vaccine?

A

A live attenuated strain

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9
Q

Which type of inactivated vaccines exist?

A
  1. Suspension of killed organisms
  2. Subunit vaccines
  3. Conjugate vaccines (e.g. polysaccharide attached to immunogenic proteins)
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10
Q

In which instances may a live attenuated vaccine be contraindicated?

A
  1. Immunosuppression
  2. Pregnancy
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11
Q

People with which allergy may be have an anaphylactic reaction to the flu vaccine?

A

Egg

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12
Q

At which ages do infants and children get vaccines?

A
  1. 2, 3 and 4 months
  2. 12 - 13 months
  3. 3 years 4 months - 5 years
  4. 2 - 12 years (flu)
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13
Q

What is the DTaP/IPV/Hib/HBV vaccine and when is it given?

A

Protects against:

  1. Diphtheria
  2. Tetanus
  3. Pertussis (whooping cough)
  4. Polio
  5. Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)
  6. Hepatitis B

Given at 2, 3 and 4 months

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14
Q

What is the Men B vaccine and when is it given?

A

Meningococcal B

Protects against menigitis and associated sepsis

Given at 2 months, 4 months, 12-13 months

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15
Q

When is the rotavirus vaccine given?

A

2 and 3 months

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16
Q

What is the PCV vaccine and when is it given?

A

Pneumococcal vaccine

Protects against:

  1. Bronchitis, ear and sinus infections
  2. Life-threatening sepsis
  3. Meningitis
  4. Pneumonia

Given at 2 months, 4 months, 12-13 months

17
Q

What is the MenC/Hib vaccine and when is it given?

A

Protects against:

  1. Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)
  2. Meningococcal C (MenC) infections

Given at 12-13 months

18
Q

What is the MMR vaccine and when is it given?

A

Protects against:

  1. Measels
  2. Mumps
  3. Rubella

Given at 12-13 months and 3 years 4 months - 5 years

19
Q

What is the DTaP/IPV vaccine and when is it given?

A

Protects against:

  1. Diphtheria
  2. Tetanus
  3. Pertussis (whooping cough)
  4. Polio

Given (as booster) at 3 years 4 months - 5 years

20
Q

What is diphtheria and what causes it?

A

Infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Causes a thick covering in the back of the throat.

May lead to:

  1. Difficulty breathing
  2. Heart failure
  3. Paralysis
  4. Death

After recovery there may be lasting symptoms such as arthritis, paralysis, or brain damage

21
Q

What is rubella and what causes it?

A

Rubella (German measels) caused by Rubella virus

Associated with:

  1. Red-pink skin rash made up of small spots
  2. Swollen glands around the head and neck
  3. High temperature (fever)
  4. Cold-like symptoms such as a cough and runny nose
  5. Aching and painful joints – more common in adults

Only serious concern in pregnancy especially first 20 weeks. Can cause congenital rubella syndrome associated with birth defects e.g. Eye problems (e.g. cataracts), deafness, heart abnormalities, brain damage

22
Q

What is mumps and what causes it?

A

Viral infection caused by Mumps virus

Associated with:

  1. Fever, muscle pain, headache, and fatigue
  2. Painful swelling of one or both parotid salivary glands

Complications may include:

  1. Meningitis
  2. Pancreatitis
  3. Permanent deafness
  4. Testicular inflammation and potentially nfertility
  5. Ovarian swelling
23
Q

What is the Td/IPV vaccine and when is it given?

A

Protects against:

  1. Tetanus
  2. Diphtheria
  3. Polio

Given at 12-18 years (usually S3)

24
Q

When is the HPV vaccine given?

A

12-13 years (girls only)

25
Q

What is the MenACWY vaccine and when is it given?

A

Protects against four different strains of the meningococcal bacteria (A, C, W and Y) that cause meningitis and septicaemia

Given at 13-14 years

26
Q

Menigococcal disease is usually due to invasive infection by which bacterial species?

A

Neisseria meningitidis

27
Q

How is menigococcal disease spread?

A

Person to person contact

Respiratory droplets from infected people

28
Q

What are the two peaks for menigococcal disease?

A
  1. < 5 years
  2. 15 - 24 years
29
Q

What is elimination of disease?

A

Reduction of incidence to zero in defined geographical region

30
Q

What is eradication of disease?

A

Permanent reduction of incidence of disease to zero worldwide

31
Q

What is extinction of disease?

A

The infectious agent no longer exists in nature or in a lab

32
Q

What is control of a disease?

A

Reduction of the incidence of a specific disease to locally acceptable levels

Child Health (12 decks)

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