Immunisations Flashcards
Usually an antigen will be either a _________ or ____________
Usually an antigen will be either a protein or polysaccharide
In which two main instances can immunity be classed as passive?
Transfer of preformed antibodies
- Mother to unborn baby via placenta
- From one person/animal to another
What are the main benefits to passive immunity?
- Rapid action
- Can use post exposure
What are the main disadvantages to passive immunity?
- Short term protection only
- Potential hypersensitivity reaction
- Expensive
In which two main instances can active immunity be acquired?
- Natural infection and recovery
- Immunisation
What is “herd immunity”?
When enough individuals within a population are immune to a pathogen so that the pathogen is unable to access vulnerable members of population
What are the two main type of vaccine?
- Live virus
- Inactivated virus
Which type of live virus will be used in a vaccine?
A live attenuated strain
Which type of inactivated vaccines exist?
- Suspension of killed organisms
- Subunit vaccines
- Conjugate vaccines (e.g. polysaccharide attached to immunogenic proteins)
In which instances may a live attenuated vaccine be contraindicated?
- Immunosuppression
- Pregnancy
People with which allergy may be have an anaphylactic reaction to the flu vaccine?
Egg
At which ages do infants and children get vaccines?
- 2, 3 and 4 months
- 12 - 13 months
- 3 years 4 months - 5 years
- 2 - 12 years (flu)
What is the DTaP/IPV/Hib/HBV vaccine and when is it given?
Protects against:
- Diphtheria
- Tetanus
- Pertussis (whooping cough)
- Polio
- Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)
- Hepatitis B
Given at 2, 3 and 4 months
What is the Men B vaccine and when is it given?
Meningococcal B
Protects against menigitis and associated sepsis
Given at 2 months, 4 months, 12-13 months
When is the rotavirus vaccine given?
2 and 3 months
What is the PCV vaccine and when is it given?
Pneumococcal vaccine
Protects against:
- Bronchitis, ear and sinus infections
- Life-threatening sepsis
- Meningitis
- Pneumonia
Given at 2 months, 4 months, 12-13 months
What is the MenC/Hib vaccine and when is it given?
Protects against:
- Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)
- Meningococcal C (MenC) infections
Given at 12-13 months
What is the MMR vaccine and when is it given?
Protects against:
- Measels
- Mumps
- Rubella
Given at 12-13 months and 3 years 4 months - 5 years
What is the DTaP/IPV vaccine and when is it given?
Protects against:
- Diphtheria
- Tetanus
- Pertussis (whooping cough)
- Polio
Given (as booster) at 3 years 4 months - 5 years
What is diphtheria and what causes it?
Infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Causes a thick covering in the back of the throat.
May lead to:
- Difficulty breathing
- Heart failure
- Paralysis
- Death
After recovery there may be lasting symptoms such as arthritis, paralysis, or brain damage
What is rubella and what causes it?
Rubella (German measels) caused by Rubella virus
Associated with:
- Red-pink skin rash made up of small spots
- Swollen glands around the head and neck
- High temperature (fever)
- Cold-like symptoms such as a cough and runny nose
- Aching and painful joints – more common in adults
Only serious concern in pregnancy especially first 20 weeks. Can cause congenital rubella syndrome associated with birth defects e.g. Eye problems (e.g. cataracts), deafness, heart abnormalities, brain damage
What is mumps and what causes it?
Viral infection caused by Mumps virus
Associated with:
- Fever, muscle pain, headache, and fatigue
- Painful swelling of one or both parotid salivary glands
Complications may include:
- Meningitis
- Pancreatitis
- Permanent deafness
- Testicular inflammation and potentially nfertility
- Ovarian swelling
What is the Td/IPV vaccine and when is it given?
Protects against:
- Tetanus
- Diphtheria
- Polio
Given at 12-18 years (usually S3)
When is the HPV vaccine given?
12-13 years (girls only)
What is the MenACWY vaccine and when is it given?
Protects against four different strains of the meningococcal bacteria (A, C, W and Y) that cause meningitis and septicaemia
Given at 13-14 years
Menigococcal disease is usually due to invasive infection by which bacterial species?
Neisseria meningitidis
How is menigococcal disease spread?
Person to person contact
Respiratory droplets from infected people
What are the two peaks for menigococcal disease?
- < 5 years
- 15 - 24 years
What is elimination of disease?
Reduction of incidence to zero in defined geographical region
What is eradication of disease?
Permanent reduction of incidence of disease to zero worldwide
What is extinction of disease?
The infectious agent no longer exists in nature or in a lab
What is control of a disease?
Reduction of the incidence of a specific disease to locally acceptable levels
