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Z Old Infection IGNORE > Immunisation Principles and Practice > Flashcards

Immunisation Principles and Practice Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of immunisation?

A
  • Active
  • Passive
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2
Q

What is active immunisation termed?

A

Vaccination

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3
Q

What does vaccination produce?

A

Long-lasting protective immunity

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4
Q

What is passive immunisation?

A

Injection of antibodies

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5
Q

What do injections of immunoglobulins provide?

A

Short term protection against certain infections

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6
Q

What are injections of immunoglobulins useful in?

A

The management of immune disorders

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7
Q

How are injections of immunoglobulins obtained?

A

Pooled plasma, containing antibodies of certain prevalent pathogens

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8
Q

What can post-exposure management be used for?

A
  • HBV
  • VZV
  • Tetanus
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9
Q

What is the main drawback of passive immunisation?

A
  • The short acting effect it has
  • The potential contamination with infected blood
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10
Q

Why is there potential for contamination with infected blood with passive immunisation?

A

As they are a blood product

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11
Q

What does vaccination aim to do?

A

Improve the adaptive immune response to antigens of a particular microbe so that the first infection produces a secondary immune response (IgG)

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12
Q

How long do vaccines last?

A

A long time, but may require booster responses

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13
Q

What features should an effective vaccine have?

A
  • Safe
  • Protective for a sustained period
  • Induce the neutralising antibody whilst being biologically Stable
  • Cheap
  • Easy to produce
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14
Q

What are vaccines derived from?

A

Viruses or bacteria, or their antigenic components

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15
Q

What are the types of vaccines?

A
  • Live
  • Non-replicating
  • Toxoids
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16
Q

What do live vaccines contain?

A

Strains of the pathogen where the pathogenicity has been removed (attenuated)

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17
Q

Give two examples of live vaccines

A
  • BCG
  • MMR
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18
Q

What is the problem with live vaccines?

A
  • They can cause disease in immunocompromised patients
  • Can’t be used during pregnancy
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19
Q

Why can’t live vaccines be used during pregnancy?

A

Due to the risk of foetal infection

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20
Q

What are non-replicating vaccines?

A

Can be either whole organisms, or fragmented containing their antigenic components

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21
Q

Give an example of a non-replicating vaccine that is a whole organism

A

Pertussis

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22
Q

Give an example of a non-replicating vaccine that is a fragmented organism containing their antigenic components

A

Capsular polysaccharide of streptococcus pneumonia

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23
Q

What can some non-replicating vaccines be conjugated with?

A

Proteins

24
Q

Why are some non-replicating vaccines conjugated with proteins?

A

To increase the immunogenicity of the vaccine

25
Q

What are toxoids?

A

Inactivated toxins of a pathogen

26
Q

Are toxoids pathogenic?

A

No

27
Q

Give two examples of common toxoid vaccines

A
  • Diptheria
  • Tetanus
28
Q

What has to be given with vaccines in some scenarios?

A

Adjuvants

29
Q

Why do vaccines sometimes have to be given with an adjuvant?

A

To enhance the response towards the vaccine by the immune system to proivde adequate immune cover

30
Q

What is a vaccine adjuvant defined as?

A

A substance that will enhance the consequence of the immune response when administered simultaneously with the antigen

31
Q

What can vaccine adjuvants be?

A
  • Inorganic salts
  • Delivery systems to APCs
  • Bacterial products
32
Q

Give an example of a vaccine adjuvant that is an inorganic salt?

A

Alum

33
Q

Give two examples of vaccine adjuvants that are delivery systems to APCs

A
  • Liposomes
  • Polymers
34
Q

Give an example of where a vaccine adjuvant that is a bacterial product is used?

A

In the BCG vaccine

35
Q

How does a vaccine provide long term management?

A

By generating a memory in the immune system

36
Q

How does vaccination provide a memory to the immune system?

A

Vaccination leads to B-cell stimulation and T-cell stimulation. B-cell stimulation leads to antibody production, and T-cell stimulation lead to affinity maturation, immunological memory, and cell mediated mechanisms, which all lead to immunity

37
Q

What vaccines to all people in the UK receive?

A
  • D-T-P
  • HiB
  • Oral Polio
  • Meningococcal C
  • MMR
  • Booster D-T and Polio
  • BCG
38
Q

When is the D-T-P vaccine given?

A

1st dose at 2 months, 2nd dose at 3 months, 3rd dose at 4th months

39
Q

When is the HiB vaccine given?

A
  • 1st dose at 2 months
  • 2nd dose at 3 months
  • 3rd dose at 4th months
40
Q

When is the Oral Polio vaccine given?

A
  • 1st dose at 2 months
  • 2nd dose at 3 months
  • 3rd dose at 4th months
41
Q

What kind of vaccine is D-T-P?

A

D and T are toxoid, P is killed bacteria

42
Q

What kind of vaccine is HiB?

A

Conjugated capsular polysaccharide

43
Q

What kind of vaccine is oral polio?

A

Live attenuated

44
Q

When is the meningococcal C vaccine given?

A

2-4 months

45
Q

What is the meningococcal C vaccine effective against?

A

Only A and C strains

46
Q

When is the MMR vaccine given?

A

12-15 months

47
Q

What kind of vaccine is the MMR?

A

Live attenuated

48
Q

When is the booster D-T and polio vaccine given?

A

3-5 years, and 13-18 years

49
Q

When is the BCG vaccine given?

A

10-14 years

50
Q

What kind of vaccine is BCG?

A

Live attenuated M. Bovis

51
Q

What is given in addition to the vaccines that all of the population have?

A

Selective programs for those at risk of certain diseases

52
Q

Give an example of someone who may be at increased risk of certain diseases

A

A health care worker

53
Q

What do all clinical vaccines carry?

A

Some degree of risk

54
Q

What is the result of all clinical vaccines carrying some degree of risk?

A

It is vital with any vaccine that the risks are outweighed by the risk of disease

55
Q

What must happen before vaccines are given?

A
  • Extensive trials are used for vaccinations
  • Any administrator of a vaccine should check the manufacturer’s instructions before administration

Z Old Infection IGNORE (23 decks)

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