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Antibacterials Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the main classes of antibacterials in clinical use?

A
  • B-lactams
  • Glycopeptides
  • Tetracyclines
  • Aminoglycosides
  • Macrolides
  • Quinolones
  • Miscellaneous
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2
Q

What are the B-lactam antibiotics?

A
  • Pencillins
  • Penicillanase resistant pencillins
  • Broad spectrum penicillins
  • Cephalosporins
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3
Q

Give 2 examples of penicillins

A
  • Phenoxymethylpenicillin
  • Methylpenicillin
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4
Q

What organisms are susceptible to penicillins?

A
  • Mainly gram +ve spp
  • Some gram -ve spp
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5
Q

What is the main cellular target of penicillins?

A

Bacterial cell wall

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6
Q

What is the mechanism of action of penicillins?

A

Prevents peptidoglycan cell wall cross-linking

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7
Q

Give an example of a penicilliniase resistant penicillin

A

Flucoloxacillin

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8
Q

What is penicilliniase resistant penicillin used for?

A

Staphylococcal infections of soft tissues

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9
Q

Give two examples of broad spectrum penicillins

A
  • Amoxicillin
  • Ampicillin
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10
Q

What organisms are susceptible to broad spectrum penicillins?

A

Wide range of gram +ve and gram +ve spp

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11
Q

How many generations of cephalosporins are there?

A

3

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12
Q

Give an example of a first generation cephalosporin

A

Cefalexin

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13
Q

What organisms are susceptible to first generation cephalosporins?

A

Principally gram positive

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14
Q

Give an example of a second generation cephalosporin

A

Cefuroxime

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15
Q

How does the organism susceptibility differ between generation 1 and 2 cephalosporins?

A

Generation 2 has greater gram negative cover

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16
Q

Give an example of a third generation cephalosporin?

A

Cefotaxime

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17
Q

How does the organism susceptibility differ between generation 2 and 3 cephalosporins?

A

Generation 3 has even greater gram negative cover, but less gram positive (especially SA)

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18
Q

Give two examples of glycopeptides

A
  • Vancomycin
  • Teicoplanin
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19
Q

What organisms are susceptible to glycopeptide antibacterials?

A

Gram positive spp.

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20
Q

How common is resistance to glycopeptides?

A

Rare

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21
Q

Where is resistance to glycopeptides sometimes found?

A
  • In enterococci
  • (GRE)
  • Some SA
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22
Q

Give 3 examples of tetracyclines

A
  • Tetracycline
  • Doxycycline
  • Lymecycline
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23
Q

What organisms are susceptible to tetracyclines?

A
  • Many gram +ve and gram -ve spp.
  • Chlamydia,
  • Mycoplasma,
  • Rickettsia ab,
  • Treponemesm,
  • Plasmodium, and
  • Entamoeba histolytica
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24
Q

What is the main cellular target of tetracyclines?

Study These Flashcards
A

Bacterial protein synthesis

25
What is the mechanism of action of tetracyclines?
Locks tRNA to septal site of mRNA
26
Give two examples of aminoglycosidases
* Gentamicin * Neomycin
27
What organisms are susceptible to aminoglycosidases?
* Many gram -ve spp * Some gram +ve spp
28
What is needed when giving aminoglycosidases?
Careful monitoring
29
Why does administration of aminoglycosidases require careful monitoring?
Can lead to nephrotoxicity and toxicity to CNVIII
30
What is the cellular target of aminoglycosidases?
Bacterial protein synthesis
31
What is the mechanism of action of aminoglycosidases?
On 30S, prevents mRNA translation into proteins
32
Give 3 examples of macrolides
* Erythromycin, * Clarithromycin, * Azithromycin
33
What organisms are susceptible to macrolides?
* Gram +ve cocci * Many anaerobes * Mycoplasma * Chlamydia
34
What anaerobes are not susceptible to macrolides?
Bacteroides
35
What are macrolides similar too in terms of organisms susceptible?
Pencillin
36
What is the result of penicillin and macrolides having similar organisms susceptible to them?
Macrolides can be useful in patients with a penicillin allergy
37
What is the clinical use of azithromycin?
Used to treat gonadal chlamydia trachomatis infection
38
What is a potential side effect of erythromycin?
Nausea
39
Why may erythromycin cause nausea?
Due to its action on the gut
40
What is the site of action of macrolides?
Bacterial protein synthesis
41
What is the mechanism of action of macrolides?
Binds to 50s
42
Give 3 examples of quinolones
* Ciprofloxacin * Levofloxacin * Norfloxacin
43
What organisms are susceptible to quinolones?
Gram -ve and gram +ve spp
44
What is the clinical use to ciprofloxacin?
Used to treat urinary tract sepsis, biliary tree sepsis, food poisioning due to Campylobacter
45
What does ciprofloxacin have a good action against?
Pseudomonas spp *(especially P. areuginosa)*
46
What is the cellular target of quinolones?
Bacterial DNA
47
What is the mechanism of action of quinolones?
Inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase which inhibits coiling, leading to DNA damage
48
What the the miscellaneous antibacterials?
* Metronidazole * Suphonamides and trimethoprim * Antimycobacterials
49
What organisms are susceptible to metronidazole?
Covers all anaerobes and some protozoa; * Giardia, * Entamoeba histiolytica * Trichomonas vaginalis
50
What is the clinical use of metronidazole?
Treatment of pseudomembranous colitis
51
When is metronidazole well tolerated?
If taken without alcohol
52
What is the cellular target of metronidazole?
Bacterial DNA
53
What is the mechanism of action of metronidazole?
Forms toxic metabolites which inhibit nucleic acid synthesis
54
What is the clinical use of sulphanoamides and trimethoprim?
* *Now less commonly used in bacterial infections,* except trimethoprim is first line treatment for uncomplicated UTI. * Important use in prophylaxis and treatment of PCP. * Used for some protozoan infections.
55
What is used to treat PCP?
Co-trimoxazole (septrin)
56
What is the cellular target for sulphanoamides and trimethoprim?
Bacterial folate metabolism
57
What is the mechanism of action of suphonamides and trimethoprim?
Inhibits DHFR
58
What are the antimycobacterials?
* Rifampicin * Isoniazid * Pyrazinamide * Ethambutol
59
What are antimycobacterials used for?
Treat mycobacterial infections- TB

Z Old Infection IGNORE (23 decks)

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