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Z Old Infection IGNORE > Antibacterials > Flashcards

Antibacterials Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main classes of antibacterials in clinical use?

A
  • B-lactams
  • Glycopeptides
  • Tetracyclines
  • Aminoglycosides
  • Macrolides
  • Quinolones
  • Miscellaneous
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2
Q

What are the B-lactam antibiotics?

A
  • Pencillins
  • Penicillanase resistant pencillins
  • Broad spectrum penicillins
  • Cephalosporins
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3
Q

Give 2 examples of penicillins

A
  • Phenoxymethylpenicillin
  • Methylpenicillin
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4
Q

What organisms are susceptible to penicillins?

A
  • Mainly gram +ve spp
  • Some gram -ve spp
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5
Q

What is the main cellular target of penicillins?

A

Bacterial cell wall

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6
Q

What is the mechanism of action of penicillins?

A

Prevents peptidoglycan cell wall cross-linking

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7
Q

Give an example of a penicilliniase resistant penicillin

A

Flucoloxacillin

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8
Q

What is penicilliniase resistant penicillin used for?

A

Staphylococcal infections of soft tissues

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9
Q

Give two examples of broad spectrum penicillins

A
  • Amoxicillin
  • Ampicillin
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10
Q

What organisms are susceptible to broad spectrum penicillins?

A

Wide range of gram +ve and gram +ve spp

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11
Q

How many generations of cephalosporins are there?

A

3

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12
Q

Give an example of a first generation cephalosporin

A

Cefalexin

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13
Q

What organisms are susceptible to first generation cephalosporins?

A

Principally gram positive

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14
Q

Give an example of a second generation cephalosporin

A

Cefuroxime

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15
Q

How does the organism susceptibility differ between generation 1 and 2 cephalosporins?

A

Generation 2 has greater gram negative cover

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16
Q

Give an example of a third generation cephalosporin?

A

Cefotaxime

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17
Q

How does the organism susceptibility differ between generation 2 and 3 cephalosporins?

A

Generation 3 has even greater gram negative cover, but less gram positive (especially SA)

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18
Q

Give two examples of glycopeptides

A
  • Vancomycin
  • Teicoplanin
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19
Q

What organisms are susceptible to glycopeptide antibacterials?

A

Gram positive spp.

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20
Q

How common is resistance to glycopeptides?

A

Rare

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21
Q

Where is resistance to glycopeptides sometimes found?

A
  • In enterococci
  • (GRE)
  • Some SA
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22
Q

Give 3 examples of tetracyclines

A
  • Tetracycline
  • Doxycycline
  • Lymecycline
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23
Q

What organisms are susceptible to tetracyclines?

A
  • Many gram +ve and gram -ve spp.
  • Chlamydia,
  • Mycoplasma,
  • Rickettsia ab,
  • Treponemesm,
  • Plasmodium, and
  • Entamoeba histolytica
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24
Q

What is the main cellular target of tetracyclines?

A

Bacterial protein synthesis

25
Q

What is the mechanism of action of tetracyclines?

A

Locks tRNA to septal site of mRNA

26
Q

Give two examples of aminoglycosidases

A
  • Gentamicin
  • Neomycin
27
Q

What organisms are susceptible to aminoglycosidases?

A
  • Many gram -ve spp
  • Some gram +ve spp
28
Q

What is needed when giving aminoglycosidases?

A

Careful monitoring

29
Q

Why does administration of aminoglycosidases require careful monitoring?

A

Can lead to nephrotoxicity and toxicity to CNVIII

30
Q

What is the cellular target of aminoglycosidases?

A

Bacterial protein synthesis

31
Q

What is the mechanism of action of aminoglycosidases?

A

On 30S, prevents mRNA translation into proteins

32
Q

Give 3 examples of macrolides

A
  • Erythromycin,
  • Clarithromycin,
  • Azithromycin
33
Q

What organisms are susceptible to macrolides?

A
  • Gram +ve cocci
  • Many anaerobes
  • Mycoplasma
  • Chlamydia
34
Q

What anaerobes are not susceptible to macrolides?

A

Bacteroides

35
Q

What are macrolides similar too in terms of organisms susceptible?

A

Pencillin

36
Q

What is the result of penicillin and macrolides having similar organisms susceptible to them?

A

Macrolides can be useful in patients with a penicillin allergy

37
Q

What is the clinical use of azithromycin?

A

Used to treat gonadal chlamydia trachomatis infection

38
Q

What is a potential side effect of erythromycin?

A

Nausea

39
Q

Why may erythromycin cause nausea?

A

Due to its action on the gut

40
Q

What is the site of action of macrolides?

A

Bacterial protein synthesis

41
Q

What is the mechanism of action of macrolides?

A

Binds to 50s

42
Q

Give 3 examples of quinolones

A
  • Ciprofloxacin
  • Levofloxacin
  • Norfloxacin
43
Q

What organisms are susceptible to quinolones?

A

Gram -ve and gram +ve spp

44
Q

What is the clinical use to ciprofloxacin?

A

Used to treat urinary tract sepsis, biliary tree sepsis, food poisioning due to Campylobacter

45
Q

What does ciprofloxacin have a good action against?

A

Pseudomonas spp (especially P. areuginosa)

46
Q

What is the cellular target of quinolones?

A

Bacterial DNA

47
Q

What is the mechanism of action of quinolones?

A

Inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase which inhibits coiling, leading to DNA damage

48
Q

What the the miscellaneous antibacterials?

A
  • Metronidazole
  • Suphonamides and trimethoprim
  • Antimycobacterials
49
Q

What organisms are susceptible to metronidazole?

A

Covers all anaerobes and some protozoa;

  • Giardia,
  • Entamoeba histiolytica
  • Trichomonas vaginalis
50
Q

What is the clinical use of metronidazole?

A

Treatment of pseudomembranous colitis

51
Q

When is metronidazole well tolerated?

A

If taken without alcohol

52
Q

What is the cellular target of metronidazole?

A

Bacterial DNA

53
Q

What is the mechanism of action of metronidazole?

A

Forms toxic metabolites which inhibit nucleic acid synthesis

54
Q

What is the clinical use of sulphanoamides and trimethoprim?

A
  • Now less commonly used in bacterial infections, except trimethoprim is first line treatment for uncomplicated UTI.
  • Important use in prophylaxis and treatment of PCP.
  • Used for some protozoan infections.
55
Q

What is used to treat PCP?

A

Co-trimoxazole (septrin)

56
Q

What is the cellular target for sulphanoamides and trimethoprim?

A

Bacterial folate metabolism

57
Q

What is the mechanism of action of suphonamides and trimethoprim?

A

Inhibits DHFR

58
Q

What are the antimycobacterials?

A
  • Rifampicin
  • Isoniazid
  • Pyrazinamide
  • Ethambutol
59
Q

What are antimycobacterials used for?

A

Treat mycobacterial infections- TB

Z Old Infection IGNORE (23 decks)

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