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Z Old Infection IGNORE > Bacteria > Flashcards

Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of bacteria?

A
  1. Gram positive cocci
  2. Gram negative cocci
  3. Gram positive bacilli
  4. Gram negative bacilli
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2
Q

Give 7 clinically important Gram positive cocci

A
  1. Staphylococcus aureus
  2. CoNS (Coagulate negative Staphylococci)
  3. Streptococcus pyogenes (ß-haemolytic streptococcus)
  4. Group B streptococci
  5. Streptococcus pneumoniae
  6. Viridans streptococci
  7. Enterococci
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3
Q

Give 2 clinically important Gram negative cocci

A
  1. Neisseria meningitis
  2. Neisseria gonorrheoa
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4
Q

Give 8 clinically important Gram positive bacilli

A
  1. Listeria
  2. Corynebacterium diptheriae
  3. Bacillus cereus
  4. Clostridium perfringes
  5. Clostridium difficile
  6. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
  7. Mycobacterium leprae
  8. Non-tuberculous mycobacteria
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5
Q

Give 16 clinically important Gram negative bacilli

A
  1. E coli
  2. Salmonella species
  3. Shigella
  4. Klesiella species
  5. Proteus
  6. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  7. Haemophilus influenzae
  8. Bordetella pertussis
  9. Burkholdera species
  10. Brucella species
  11. Legionella species
  12. Vibrio cholerae
  13. Campylobacter species
  14. Helicobacter pylori
  15. Bacteriosides species
  16. Treponema pallidum
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6
Q

Give 2 clinically important bacteria that do not fall into any of the 4 main categories

A
  1. Chlamydia species
  2. Mycoplasma species
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7
Q

What diseases are caused by staphylococcus aureus?

A
  • Infections of skin and soft tissue
  • Food poisioning
  • Septicaemia
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8
Q

What is the antibiotic used to treat diseases caused by staphylcoccus aureus?

A

Penicillinase resistant penicillin- Flucloxacillin

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9
Q

Give an example of a CoNS bacteria

A

S. epidermidis

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10
Q

What diseases are caused by CoNS?

A

Opportunistic pathogens that often cause infection related to medial devices, e.g. IV cannulae, prosthetic heart valves

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11
Q

What is the antibiotic given to treat diseases caused by CoNS?

A

Flucloxacillin (normally sensitive to this, if not can add glycopeptide, e.g. vancomycin)

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12
Q

What diseases are caused by streptococcus pyogenes?

A
  • Pharyngitis and other URTIs
  • Skin and soft tissue infections (impetigo, cellulitis)
  • Scarlet fever
  • TSS
  • Acute rheumatic fever
  • Acute glomerulonephritis
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13
Q

What antibiotic is given to treat diseases caused by streptococcus pyogenes?

A
  • Penicillin
  • Erythomycin (if penicillin allergic)
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14
Q

What diseases are caused by group B streptococci?

A
  • Neonatal meningitis
  • Septicaemia
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15
Q

What antibiotic is given to treat diseases caused by group B streptococci?

A

Penicillin or amoxicillin and gentamicin

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16
Q

What diseases are caused by streptococcus pneumoniae?

A
  • Pneumonia
  • Meningitis
  • Septicaemia
  • Otitis media
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17
Q

What antibiotics are given to treat diseases caused by streptococcus pneumoniae?

A
  • Amoxicillin and other ß-lactams
  • Erythomycin
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18
Q

What vaccine is given to prevent diseases caused by streptococcus pneumoniae?

A

Pneumococcal vaccination

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19
Q

What diseases are caused by viridans streptococci?

A

Endogenous infections, especially infective endocarditis

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20
Q

What diseases are caused by enterococci?

A

They are opportunisitic pathogens, causing UTIs and endocarditis

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21
Q

What antibiotics are given to treat diseases caused by entercocci?

A

Amoxicillin or vancomycin, often with gentamicin

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22
Q

Why is vancomycin often given with gentamicin when treating enterococci infections?

A

Concerns with VRE (Vancomycin-resistant enterococci)

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23
Q

What diseases are caused by neisseria meningitidis?

A
  • Meningitis
  • Septicaemia
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24
Q

Where is neisseria meningitidis carried in the body?

A

In the nasopharynx

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25
Q

What feature of neisseria meningitidis assists in its colonisation?

A

Its coat protects against phagocytosis

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26
Q

What antibiotic is given to treat diseases caused by neisseria meningitidis?

A

Cefotaxime

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27
Q

What vaccine is given to prevent diseases caused by neisseria meningitidis?

A

Meningococcal type C vaccine

No vaccine for serogroup B

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28
Q

What diseases are caused by neisseria gonorrhoea?

A

Gonorrhoea

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29
Q

What is gonorrhoea?

A

Infection of GU tract

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30
Q

What is the consequence of gonorrhoea?

A
  • PID (Pelvic Inflammatory Disease) in females
  • Epididymitis in males
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31
Q

How are the neisseria bacteria similar to each other?

A

They are both carried in the nasopharynx, and both have a coat that protects against phagocytosis

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32
Q

What antibiotics are given to treat infections caused by neisseria gonorrhoea?

A
  • Ciprofloxacin
  • ß-lactamase resistant cephalosporins
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33
Q

What diseases are caused by listeria?

A
  • Meningitis and septicaemia in neonates
  • Infections in immunocomprimised and pregnant women
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34
Q

What antibiotic is given to treat diseases caused by listeria?

A

Amoxicillin, often with gentamicin

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35
Q

What disease is caused by corynebacterium diptheriae?

A

Diphtheria

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36
Q

What is the treatment for diphtheria?

A
  • Supportive therapy to maintain airway
  • Anti-toxin
  • Erythromycin
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37
Q

What vaccine is given to prevent diptheria?

A

Toxoid vaccine

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38
Q

What diseases does bacillus cereus cause?

A

Food poisioning- commonest association is with reheated rice and pulses

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39
Q

What is the treatment for diseases caused by bacillus cereus?

A

None- it is self-limiting

40
Q

What diseases are caused by clostridium perfringens?

A

Infections of wounds- gas gangrene

41
Q

What antibiotic is given to treat diseases caused by clostridium perfringens?

A

Penicillin or metronidazole

42
Q

What diseases are caused by clostridium difficile?

A

Antibiotic associated diarrhoea, leading to psuedomonas colitis

43
Q

What antibiotics are given to treat diseases caused by clostridium difficile?

A

Oral vancomycin or metronidazole

44
Q

What diseases are caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis?

A

Tuberculosis- primary, latent, and miliary

45
Q

What antibiotics are given to treat diseases caused by M. tuberculosis?

A
  • Isoniazid
  • Pyrazinamide
  • Ethambutol
  • Rifampicin
46
Q

What vaccine is given to prevent infection with M. tuberculosis?

A

BCG vaccines

47
Q

What diseases are caused by mycobacterium leprae?

A

Tuberculoid and lepromatous leprosy

48
Q

What is leprosy?

A

Non-caseating granulomas affecting nerve cells

49
Q

What antibiotics are used to treat diseases caused by M. leprae?

A
  • Dapsone
  • Clofazimine
  • Rifampicin
50
Q

What vaccine is given to prevent infection with M. leprae?

A

BCG vaccine offers some protection

51
Q

Describe the nature of non-tuberculous mycobacteria

A
  • Rapid or slow growing
  • Opportunistic
52
Q

Give an example of a non-tuberculous mycobacteria

A

Mycobacteria avium complex

53
Q

What disease does M. avium complex cause?

A

Disseminated disease in AIDS patients

54
Q

What diseases are caused by E coli?

A
  • Most common cause of cystitis
  • Regularly seen in GNS
  • Some strains cause diarrheol disease
  • Haemolytic urea syndrome (HUS)
55
Q

What kind of disease is cystitis?

A

UTI

56
Q

What strains of E coli cause diarrhoeal disease?

A
  • ETEC
  • EIEC
  • EHEC
  • EPEC
57
Q

What strains of E coli cause haemolytic urea syndrome?

A

EHEC strains possessing O157 H7 antigens

58
Q

What diseases does salmonella subtypes cause?

A
  • Subtype typhi and parathyphi cause enteric fever
  • Other subtypes cause diarrhoea
59
Q

What disease does shigella cause?

A

Dysentery

60
Q

What is the main symptom of dysentery?

A

Bloody diarrhoea

61
Q

What is the shigella toxin similar to?

A

The EIEC strain of E coli

62
Q

What diseases are caused by klebsiella subspecies?

A
  • Often seen in UTIs and HAI (hospital-acquired infections)
  • Rare but classical cause of primary pneumonia
63
Q

What disease is caused by proteus?

A

Common cause of UTIs

64
Q

What is the result of UTIs caused by proteus?

A

Produces potent urease, which makes urine alkaline and predisposes to renal stones

65
Q

What antibiotics are used to treat diseases caused by E coli, salmonella, shigella, klebsiella and proteus?

A
  • Trimethoprim
  • Co-trimoxazole
  • Cefalexin
  • Ciprofloxacin
66
Q

What diseases are caused by pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A

Opportunistic infection- wounds, burns, urinary tract, lungs (especially in cystic fibrosis)

67
Q

What antibiotic is given to treat diseases caused by psuedomonas aeruginosa?

A
  • Ciprofloaxin (resistant to most other oral antibiotics)
  • IV gentamicin
68
Q

What diseases are caused by haemophilus influenzae?

A
  • Meningitis
  • Osteomyelitis
  • Epiglottis in children under 5
  • Acute exacerbations of COPD
69
Q

What strains of haemophilus influenzae are associated with acute exacerbations of COPD?

A

Non-capsulate strains

70
Q

What antibiotic is given to treat diseases caused by haemophilus influenzae?

A
  • Amoxicillin
  • Chloramphenicol
  • Cefotaxime sometimes needed for meningitis due to resistance
71
Q

What vaccine is given to prevent diseases caused by haemophilus influenzae?

A

Capsular polysaccharide vaccine

72
Q

What disease is caused by brucella subspecies?

A

Undulant fever (brucellosis)

73
Q

How does brucellosis present?

A

Pyrexia of unknown origin (PUO)

74
Q

What disease is caused by legionella subspecies?

A

Atypical form of bronchopneumonia and Pontic fever

75
Q

What antibiotics are given to treat disease caused by legionella subspecies?

A
  • Erythromycin
  • Rifampicin
76
Q

What disease is caused by vibrio cholerae?

A

Cholera

77
Q

What is the treatment for cholera?

A
  • Oral rehydration therapy
  • Tetracycline
78
Q

What is the therapetic effect of tetracycline on cholera?

A

Shortens symptoms and duration of carriage

79
Q

What disease is caused by campylobacter subspecies?

A

Diarrhoea

80
Q

What is diarrhoea associated with campylobacter subspecies associated with?

A

Contaminated food and milk

81
Q

What is the treatment for diarrheoa caused by infection with campylobacter subspecies?

A

Diarrhoea is self-limiting

If invasive, give erythromycin

82
Q

What disease is caused by helicobacter pylori?

A
  • Gastritis
  • Cofactor in pathogenesis of duodenal ulceration
  • Associated with gastric cancer/ulcers
83
Q

What antibiotics are used to treat direct disease caused by helicobacter pylori?

A
  • Amoxicillin
  • Metronidazole
84
Q

Where does bacteroides subspecies cause disease?

A
  • The subspecies bacteroides fragilis found in lower gastrointestinal tract
  • Most other subspecies found in mouth and upper respiratory tract
85
Q

What diseases to bacteroides subspecies cause?

A
  • Intra-abdominal infections
  • Brain abscesses
  • Dental sepsis
86
Q

What antibiotic is used to treat diseases caused by bacteroides subspecies?

A

Metronidazole

87
Q

What antibiotic is bacteroides fragilis resistant to?

A

Penicillin

88
Q

What disease is caused by treponema pallidum?

A

Syphilis

89
Q

What antibiotic is used to treat disease caused by treponema pallidum?

A

Penicillin

90
Q

What disease is caused by chlamydia subspecies?

A
  • Chlamydia trachomatis can cause;
    • Urethritis
    • Trachoma
    • Cervicitis
    • Salpingitis
    • Pneumonitis in newborn
  • Cause of atypical pneumonias
91
Q

What antibiotic is used to treat disease caused by chlamydia subspecies?

A
  • Tetracyclines and erythromycin
  • Azithromycin
92
Q

What diseases are caused by mycoplasma subspecies?

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae is an important cause of atypical pneumonia

93
Q

What is infection with mycoplasma subspecies associated with?

A
  • Non-gonoccoal urethritis
  • Pelvic inflammatory disease
  • Joint and other post-infective inflammatory conditions
94
Q

What antibiotic is used to treat disease caused by infection with mycoplasma subspecies?

A

Tetracycline or erythromycin

95
Q

Why can’t ß-lactams be used to treat disease caused by mycoplasma subspecies?

A

Because they have no cell wall

Z Old Infection IGNORE (23 decks)

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