Immunisation and Prophylaxis Flashcards
what types of immunity is there?
Can be innate or adaptive
Adaptive – body produces antibodies in response to an infection, this is active
what is an antibodies primary and secondary response to an infection like?
Antibodies produced in response to primary infection
When exposed second time, total antibody response happens much quicker and at a higher level to prevent being infected again
what is the immune response like in a killed vacicne comapred to a live vaccine? and how many of each do you require?
(killed is top
Pink blotch is exposure to vaccine
Can be killed or live
Killed will produce antibodies but will come down that’s why you need multiple doses
Live vaccine only needs one as when the live vaccine replicates the body produces more antibodies and you have a sustained response to the pathogen
has smallpox been eradicated?
Eradication of smallpox by vaccination
Use of vaccine has resulted in dramatic reduction in incidence of smallpox and now being eradicated
where can someone get details about vaccinations?
green book
BNF
what different types of vaccines is there?
- live attenuated
- inactivated (killed)
- detoxified exotoxin
- subunit of micro-organism
- purified microbial products
- recombinant
what are examples of Live attenuated vaccines?
- Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR)
- BCG
- Varicella-zoster virus
- Yellow fever
- Smallpox
- Typhoid (oral)
- Polio (oral)
- Rotavirus (oral)
what are examples of Inactivated (killed) vaccines?
(these need 2 or 3 doses)
- Polio (in combined vaccine D/T/P/Hib)
- Hepatitis A
- Cholera (oral)
- Rabies
- Japanese encephalitis
- Tick-borne encephalitis
- Influenza
Detoxified exotoxin vaccines - how are they made?
e.g. Diphtheria, Tetanus
Formalin renders it inactive and then the patient is treated with the toxoid
what are examples of Subunit vaccines?
Good against bacteria
Vaccine is made up of a subunit of that pathogen
A subunit vaccine is a vaccine that contains only the minimal microbial elements necessary to stimulate long-lasting protective/therapeutic immune responses
- Pertussis (acellular)
- Haemophilus influenzae type b
- Meningococcus (group C) - conjugated: capsular polysaccharide antigen & Corynebacterium diphtheria protein
- Pneumococcus
- Typhoid
- Anthrax
- Hepatitis B
how are Recombinant vaccines made e.g. Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B antigen is produced and this is very immunogenic
Production of antibodies against the antigen and then offers immunity
what is the “6 in 1” vaccine: Infanrix hexa?
(Can bundle many together)
D = purified diphtheria toxoid
T = purified tetanus toxoid
aP = purified Bordetella pertussis
IPV= inactivated polio virus
Hib= purified component of Haemophilus influenzae b
HBV= hepatitis B rDNA
what is the UK Childhood Immunisation Schedule?
- 2 months: 6-in-1 vaccine + pneumococcal conjugate + rotavirus + Men B (Get started early to prevent infection)
- 3 months: 6-in-1 vaccine + rotavirus (repeat 6 in 1)
- 4 months: 6-in-1 vaccine + pneumococcal conjugate + Men B
- 1 year: Hib/Men C+ MMR + pneumococcal conjugate + men B
- 2 -8 years: influenza nasal
- 3 - 5 years: 4-in-1 booster (DTaP/IPV) + MMR
- Girls, 12-13 yrs: Human papilloma virus
- 14 years: 3-in-1 booster (dT/IPV) + Men ACWY
Concept of “herd immunity” - what is the target coverage?
Concept of “herd immunity” - Target 90-95% coverage
Vaccine needs to cover 90-95% of the population to slow transmission
Vaccination programs interrupted in times of war and vaccine rates fall/decrease
What are some examples of Immunisation for special patient and occupational groups?
- BCG
- influenza
- pneumococcal
- hepatitis B
- varicella-zoster (chickenpox)
- herpes-zoster (shingles)
who needs the Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine?
(For against TB)
• Some infants (0-12 months)
- areas of UK with annual incidence of TB >40/100,000
- Parents/grandparents born in a country with annual incidence of TB >40/100,000
- Children screened at school for TB risk factors, tested and vaccinated if appropriate
- New immigrants (previously unvaccinated) from high prevalence countries for TB
- Contacts (<35yrs) of resp TB patients
- Healthcare workers