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Cell And Molecular Bio Of Immune System > Immunisation > Flashcards

Immunisation Flashcards

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1
Q

Which substance give passive natural immunity to child via placenta

A

IgG

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2
Q

Why is artificial immunity given by pooling many peoples igG to infants

A

They get hypogammaglobulinemia at a young age

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3
Q

Other than IV igG what other passive artificial immunity is there

A

Tetanus antitoxin

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4
Q

Why is secondary response always better

A

Larger amount of memory cells = more clonal expansion and more antibodies and also they undergo more shm

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5
Q

Why does measles need more immunisation to reach herd immunity

A

Need higher % because it is more contagious than others. Diff diseases have different percentage herd

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6
Q

What are the 5 vaccine types

A

Inactivated dead

Live attenuated

Subunit

Toxoid (diphtheria or tetanus)

Conjugate

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7
Q

Give an example of dead vaccine

A

Salk polio vaccine

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8
Q

What needs to be alive for dead vaccines to work

A

Antigens

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9
Q

Why are aceullsr vaccines better than cellular dead eg whooping cough

A

Less side effects

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10
Q

What is live attenuated

A

Either chemically treated or a homologous less virulent pathogen given

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11
Q

What is injected instead of tuberculosis mycobacterium in live attenuated

A

Bcg bovis strain of mycobacterium

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12
Q

Why is live attention advantageous

A

Only need 1 dose because highly antigenic

Usually gives right type of response

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13
Q

What is the issues with live attenuated

A

Risk of reversion to virulence

Risk of inactivation

Contamination risk

Disease cause in immunocompromised

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14
Q

What type of virus is polio and how does it infect

A

Entero virus via oral faecal route

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15
Q

Usually polio causes subclinical symptoms of a cold. What happens in 0.5% of people

A

Infects the cns and causes paralysis

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16
Q

Which country was cleared of polio via vaccines

A

India

17
Q

Which countries still have an issue with polio

A

Afghanistan and Pakistan

18
Q

What are subunit vaccines and give example

A

Isolated antigens given

Eg pneumovax for strep has 23 polysaccharides

19
Q

What is the risk with subunit vaccines

A

Could get non responders

20
Q

What is the biggest example of conjugate vaccines for young kids

A

Prevnar 13, adds diphtheria to strep polysaccharides to cause a TD ag response

21
Q

What is reverse vaccinology

A

Genome screening of pathogens to identify possible proteins to use in vaccines

22
Q

How was reverse vaccinology done for neisseria meningitis

A

600 genes identified as potential
28 surface proteins produced ab responses in mice

4 were put into a vaccine

23
Q

What is the importance of the right response eg CD8 for hiv

A

If not the infection isn’t fought off, and can cause immunopathology eg respiratory syncytial virus vaccine caused 2 deaths

24
Q

What are adjuvants

A

Substances administered with ag in vaccines to enhance immune response

25
Q

What is it called when adjuvants enhance immune response

A

Immunostimulatory

26
Q

Adjuvants are depot. What does this mean

A

Hold ag longer under the epidermis for dendrites signal

27
Q

How do adjuvants affect dendrites

A

Activate via tlr
Cause danger signal
Increase ag uptake by dendrites
Stimulate chemokine release for dendrites to go to slt

28
Q

How are adjuvants good at stimulating CD8

A

Cause dendritic cross presentation on MHC I

29
Q

What are the 2 adjuvants given to animals

A

Freunds- oil in water emulsion (oil is stimulatory)

Freunds Complete adjuvant - with mycobacterium inside

30
Q

What adjuvants are used in humans

A

Alum based

Aluminium hydroxide or phosphate

31
Q

What response do alum adjuvants have in humans

A

Better antibody responses

32
Q

Give examples of newer adjuvants

A

Ones with squalene based oil in water emulsion

Some with vitamin e increased immune response

Some with lps derivative to enhance tlr activation

33
Q

What is the az covid vaccine an example of

A

Live attenuated

Inject adenovirus

Cell And Molecular Bio Of Immune System (14 decks)

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