Immunisation Flashcards

1
Q

Which substance give passive natural immunity to child via placenta

A

IgG

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2
Q

Why is artificial immunity given by pooling many peoples igG to infants

A

They get hypogammaglobulinemia at a young age

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3
Q

Other than IV igG what other passive artificial immunity is there

A

Tetanus antitoxin

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4
Q

Why is secondary response always better

A

Larger amount of memory cells = more clonal expansion and more antibodies and also they undergo more shm

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5
Q

Why does measles need more immunisation to reach herd immunity

A

Need higher % because it is more contagious than others. Diff diseases have different percentage herd

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6
Q

What are the 5 vaccine types

A

Inactivated dead

Live attenuated

Subunit

Toxoid (diphtheria or tetanus)

Conjugate

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7
Q

Give an example of dead vaccine

A

Salk polio vaccine

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8
Q

What needs to be alive for dead vaccines to work

A

Antigens

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9
Q

Why are aceullsr vaccines better than cellular dead eg whooping cough

A

Less side effects

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10
Q

What is live attenuated

A

Either chemically treated or a homologous less virulent pathogen given

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11
Q

What is injected instead of tuberculosis mycobacterium in live attenuated

A

Bcg bovis strain of mycobacterium

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12
Q

Why is live attention advantageous

A

Only need 1 dose because highly antigenic

Usually gives right type of response

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13
Q

What is the issues with live attenuated

A

Risk of reversion to virulence

Risk of inactivation

Contamination risk

Disease cause in immunocompromised

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14
Q

What type of virus is polio and how does it infect

A

Entero virus via oral faecal route

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15
Q

Usually polio causes subclinical symptoms of a cold. What happens in 0.5% of people

A

Infects the cns and causes paralysis

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16
Q

Which country was cleared of polio via vaccines

17
Q

Which countries still have an issue with polio

A

Afghanistan and Pakistan

18
Q

What are subunit vaccines and give example

A

Isolated antigens given

Eg pneumovax for strep has 23 polysaccharides

19
Q

What is the risk with subunit vaccines

A

Could get non responders

20
Q

What is the biggest example of conjugate vaccines for young kids

A

Prevnar 13, adds diphtheria to strep polysaccharides to cause a TD ag response

21
Q

What is reverse vaccinology

A

Genome screening of pathogens to identify possible proteins to use in vaccines

22
Q

How was reverse vaccinology done for neisseria meningitis

A

600 genes identified as potential
28 surface proteins produced ab responses in mice

4 were put into a vaccine

23
Q

What is the importance of the right response eg CD8 for hiv

A

If not the infection isn’t fought off, and can cause immunopathology eg respiratory syncytial virus vaccine caused 2 deaths

24
Q

What are adjuvants

A

Substances administered with ag in vaccines to enhance immune response

25
What is it called when adjuvants enhance immune response
Immunostimulatory
26
Adjuvants are depot. What does this mean
Hold ag longer under the epidermis for dendrites signal
27
How do adjuvants affect dendrites
Activate via tlr Cause danger signal Increase ag uptake by dendrites Stimulate chemokine release for dendrites to go to slt
28
How are adjuvants good at stimulating CD8
Cause dendritic cross presentation on MHC I
29
What are the 2 adjuvants given to animals
Freunds- oil in water emulsion (oil is stimulatory) Freunds Complete adjuvant - with mycobacterium inside
30
What adjuvants are used in humans
Alum based Aluminium hydroxide or phosphate
31
What response do alum adjuvants have in humans
Better antibody responses
32
Give examples of newer adjuvants
Ones with squalene based oil in water emulsion Some with vitamin e increased immune response Some with lps derivative to enhance tlr activation
33
What is the az covid vaccine an example of
Live attenuated Inject adenovirus