Immune Therapy Overview Flashcards
What is tumor immunology
It is the manipulation of the immune system to recognize and destroy tumor cells
Neutrophils
Fastest cell in the body of a woman
What is the function of macrophages in addition to phagocytose foreign particles
They are antigen presenting cells and they also release cytokines to signal other cells the area of problem
What is the function of natural killer cells
These are activated by the encounter of infected cells or tumor cells.
They kill these cells.
They secrete IFNy (a cytokine)
What does T cells do
There are 2 types of T cells
- CD4+ T cells are helper T cells
- CD8+ T cells are cytotoxic T cells
What is the association of inflammation with tumor
It is a 2 edged sword: Inflammation is requried to kill tumor but it can also lead to the development of tumor.
Acute inflammation is an established result in tumor destruction whereas chronic inflammation is a contributing factor to tumor growth or to tumor development.
What are the characteristics of acute inflammation and chronic inflammation
Acute inflammation: Within minutes, vasodilation, vascular permeability, leads to recruitment of neutrophils
Chronic inflammation: Long term, leads to fibrogenesis, angiogenesis, tissue remodeling. It allows recruitment of macrophages and lymphocytes
Explain how asbestos can lead to mesothelioma
Asbestons particles are fine enough that they can be inhlaed. We they enter our body, macrophages of the lungs phagocytose them, but these particles cannot be broken down. Phagocytosis by macrophages causes inflammation which leads to the development of cancer. Also these particles accumulate in our body since they are not biodegradable
What is Immunoediting
Three E’s:
- Elimination - immune surveillance
- Equilibrium
- Escape
What is immune surveilance
Destroy the cells that are likely to become tumors. This is done by the immune system to avoid tumor development which can lead to harm
What does T cells do
T cells recognize antigen via the T Cell Receptor. This antigen in the context of T cells is a peptide derived from degraded protein. To be recognized as an own, the antigen must be presnted as MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex)
What is MHC
There are 2 types:
- MHC class I: expressed most nucleated cells, peptides are presented to CD8 T cells
- MHC class II: Expressed by professional antigen presenting cells (like macrophages, dendritic cells, B lymphocytes). These peptides are presented to CD4+ T cells
What kind of antigens can be presented by tumor cells
Both MHC class I and II
Neoantigens
What is a Neoantigen
Chimeric proteins or mutations that make weird proteins that used to be normal body protiens