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Y1 - HPP2 > Immune System I > Flashcards

Immune System I Flashcards

1
Q

What are the roles of the immune system?

A

Protection from disease, Waste disposal, Surveillance (Recognition/Activation)

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of defence organisations?

A

Innate and adaptive immunity

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3
Q

Describe innate immunity

A

Pre-existing (from birth), natural, unchanging response

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4
Q

Describe adaptive immunity

A

Specific response, acquired immunity, develops after birth

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5
Q

What is blood divided into?

A

Mostly plasma, tiny buffy coat (of leukocytes/platelets), rest erythrocytes

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6
Q

Describe the immediate response to an extracellular infection

A

Phagocytosis, complement activation, mast activation
Vasodilation, Vascular permeability, Extravasation
Acute inflammation

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7
Q

Briefly describe the role of neutrophils

A

First line of defence, leads to phagocytosis

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8
Q

What is the function of mast cells?

A

Release of histamine causes redness/swelling

Release vasoactive compounds

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9
Q

What is extravasation?

A

Tethering of cells

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10
Q

Which cells are involved in acute inflammation?

A

Phagocytes: Neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, eosinophils
Mast cells

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11
Q

Which molecules are involved in acute inflammation?

A

Complement - Plasma protein cascade

Cytokines

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12
Q

Name examples of cytokines involved in acute inflammation

A

TNF-a, IL-1, IL-6

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13
Q

Describe TNF-a

A

Allows plasma to enter tissues causing swelling, proteins/antibodies, potent activator of neutrophils

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14
Q

Describe IL-1

A

Stimulates adherence (leads to fever/fatigue effects hypothalamus)

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15
Q

Describe IL-6

A

Acts directly on liver, inhibits release of albumin

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16
Q

Which processes are involved in acute inflammation

A

Phagocytosis, Opsonisation, Chemotaxis

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17
Q

What is opsonisation?

A

Protective system constantly produced, present in bodily fluid/blood, coats/labels cells so they’re easier to phagocytose

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18
Q

What are the early events during an innate response?

A

Phagocytosis, Cell/protein activation, Inc vascular permeability

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19
Q

What type of responses are stimulated by receptors?

A

Secretion, Adherence, Chemotaxis, Phagocytosis

20
Q

What do receptors do?

A

Respond to specific ligands, different cells respond differently to same ligand

21
Q

What are the types of receptors found on phagocytes?

A

Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
Toll-like receptors
Fc receptors

22
Q

Describe PAMPs

A

Sugars and lipids

23
Q

Describe toll-like receptors

A

Bacterial lipoproteins, peptidoglycan, flagellin, unmethylated DNA
- Found on the surface of the cell so deal with extracellular foreign activity

24
Q

Describe Fc receptors

A

Bind to Fc region of antibodies

25
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Low molecular weight proteins secreted to regulate intensity/duration of immune response

26
Q

Name examples of molecules that secrete cytokines

A

Fibroblasts, endothelial cells

27
Q

What are chemokines?

A

Cytokines that mediate chemotaxis

28
Q

What are the key cytokines involved in innate immunity?

A

TNF-a, IL-1, IL-6

29
Q

Describe the modes of action by cytokines

A

Autocrine, paracrine and endocrine

30
Q

Describe the systemic effects of cytokines

A

In brain - Fever, fatigue, loss of appetite

In liver - Acute phase proteins synthesised eg C-reactive proteins

31
Q

What are C-reactive proteins?

A

Secreted by liver binding to microbial surfaces and dna/other material from cells

32
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary lymphatic tissues?

A

Primary - Bone marrow/thymus, all else secondary (lymph fluid, antigens drained from tissues to secondary lymphoid tissues to initiate immune response using lymphocytes/antigens

33
Q

Describe the role of the spleen

A

Has macrophages, its a secondary sensory tissue vital to remove microorganisms from blood

34
Q

What are the types of adaptive immunity?

A

Specificity, Diversity, Memory, Self-tolerance

35
Q

Describe specificity

A

Provided by T/B cells

36
Q

Describe diversity

A

Recognise many different antigens

37
Q

Describe memory

A

Better response with each exposure

38
Q

Describe self-tolerance

A

Discriminate between self/non-self cells

39
Q

What are the different regions of an antibody?

A 
Fab region (Epitope binding)
Fc region (Receptor binding)
40
Q

Define an antigen

A

Any substance that binds specifically to an antibody

41
Q

Define an epitope

A

Region of an antigen that is recognised by an antibody

42
Q

Define allergen

A

Antigen that elicits an allergic reaction

Note: So those with allergies have high levels of IgE AB

43
Q

What are the different classes of antibodies and their roles?

A

IgM - Activates complement, first antibody made, B-cell receptor
IgD - B-cell receptor
IgG - Transferred across placenta, binds to phagocytes, activates complement, most common class in blood
IgE - Binds to mast cells, involved in allergic response
IgA - Found in mucosal secretions

44
Q

Further describe IgG immunoglobins

A

Maternal antibodies transferred to fetus through circulation up until birth until child develops own immunity, binds to phago by Fc receptors

45
Q

Further describe IgA immunoglobins

A

In mucosal secretions, found in different secretory tracts eg bronchial tract/GI tract

46
Q

What are the different antibody functions?

A

Neutralisation - To neutralise toxins before it has effect on cells
Agglutination - Forming large clump of pathogen cells to phagocytose together
Complement activation
Opsonisation - Labelling through for phagocytosis
NK cell activation - Antibodies trigger NK cells, Fc region on AB binds to fc receptor on NK cells, release perforins (produce pores in cells)

Y1 - HPP2 (17 decks)

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