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Y1 - HPP2 > Endocrine System II/III > Flashcards

Endocrine System II/III Flashcards

1
Q

What is another name for a growth hormone?

A

Somatotrophic hormone

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2
Q

What are all the anterior pituitary gland hormones released from?

A

All peptides - Interact with many plasma membrane receptors, regulates secretion of growth hormones

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3
Q

Describe growth hormones

A

Don’t target specific glands, but mainly the liver
Stimulates IGF-1 production (inc anabolic)
Opposes insulin
Inc fatty acids utility

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4
Q

What is the secretion of GH stimulated and inhibited by?

A

Stimulated by GHRH
Inhibited by SS from hypothalamus
Note: SS blocks GHRH stimulation non-competitively

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5
Q

Describe GH secretion and regulation

A

Synthesis increased by thyroid/cortisol hormone
Stimulated by lower glucose levels, free fatty acids, higher AA levels
Stimulated by REM phase, exercise, stress
Daily/Life-time secretion pattern

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6
Q

What does the daily pattern of GH secretion show?

A

Shows Gh stimulated and circulating during night hours

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7
Q

What does the life-time pattern of GH secretion show?

A

Shows that the highest mean circulating conc of GH is during puberty so needed most during this time (Growth)
It also never reaches 0 even in old age so the body can function and repair cells

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8
Q

Describe the distribution of GH across the body

A

In hypo, GHRH inc secretion of GH but GHIH dec by inhibition
GH mainly acts on liver but acts over body to many cells
For energy/growth

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9
Q

Describe the purpose of the short negative feedback loop

A

From anterior to hypo
Too much GH secreted so hypothalamus sent signals to reduce release by GH receptors which senses the conc of GH in circulation

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10
Q

Describe the long negative feedback loop

A

From liver to anterior/hypo
Circulation of GH from body to brain with further distance, goes to both anterior/hypo so both places have insulin-like receptors

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11
Q

Describe the distribution of GH across the entire body in terms of increase and decreases

A

Hypo - GHRH inc, GHIH dec
Anterior - GH inc
Liver - Insulin-like growth factor secretion inc > Many tissues - Cell division
Many tissues - Protein synthesis inc > Energy
Adipose tissue - Glucose uptake dec, Lipolysis inc > Energy
Muscle - Glucose uptake dec, AA uptake inc > Energy

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12
Q

Describe the location of thyroid glands

A

Lies on either side of trachea

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13
Q

What 3 hormones do thyroid glands produce

A

T4, T3, Calcitonin - Regulation of [Ca2+]

Thyroid hormones - T4 and T3 together

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14
Q

Describe the T3 and T4 hormones

A

T4 - Major product, function as prohormone

T3 - Secreted less, derived from T4 but provides all thyroid activity

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15
Q

Describe the effects of thyroid hormone

A

Regulating body’s overall level of cellular metabolic activity/energy release

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16
Q

Name some cellular metabolic activity regulated by thyroid hormones

A

Foetal development, metabolic rate, body temp, cardiac rate, peripheral vasodilation

17
Q

Describe the binding of T3

A

Binds to nuclear receptor, interacting with DNA to alter gene transcription

18
Q

Describe the effect of T3 on GH synthesis

A

Increase in nuclear content of mRNA transcript of GH gene, direct synthesis of GH increases

19
Q

Describe disorder in terms of hypothyroidism

A

Deficiency in T3/T4 secretion, due to autoimmune/lack of iodide diet
Symptoms - Low metabolic rate, lethargy, bradycardia, increased weight gain

20
Q

Describe disorder in terms of hyperthyroidism

A

Over production of endogenous H/ingestion of exogenous H

Symptoms - High metabolic rate, restless, tachycardia, heat intolerance, weight loss

21
Q

Describe the pancreas

A

Found behind the stomach, attached to duodenum
Made up Islets of Langerhans > a-cells, b-cells, delta-cell (secrete somatostatin), exocrine pancreas (acinar/duct cells secrete enzymes/fluid into digestive track)

22
Q

Describe the synthesis and secretion of Islet hormones

A

All are peptide hormones

23
Q

Describe the action of Islet hormones

A

Glucagon - Breakdown of glycogen and increase blood sugar levels
Insulin - Increase glucose uptake, reduces blood sugar levels
SS - Inhibits insulin, secretes glucagon

24
Q

Describe the insulin function mechanism

A

Binds to receptors in plasma membrane - Causes autophosphorylation of receptor
in/activation of many enzymes - Shifts glucose metabolism to glycogen/pyruvate
Moving GLUT4 to plasma membrane
Facilitated transport of AA, K, Mg into cell
Synthesis/Suppress of many enzymes to regulate cell growth

25
Q

Describe the location of adrenal glands

A

Above each gland, made up of cortex and steroid hormones

26
Q

Describe the location of adrenal glands

A

Above each gland, made up of cortex with steroid hormones and medulla

27
Q

Describe the steroid hormones in the cortex of the adrenal glands

A

Corticosteroids - Glucocorticoids (cortisol, coricosterone), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
Androgens (sex hormones)

28
Q

Describe the composition of the medulla of the adrenal glands

A

Made up of:

Catecholamine H, Adrenaline (epinephrine), Noradrenaline (norepinephrine), Dopamine

29
Q

Describe the adrenal medulla

A

Develops from outgrowth of nervous tissue, surrounded by adrenal cortex, cell bodies don’t axons but release their secretes into blood
Functionally part of the SNS

30
Q

Describe the function of the adrenal medulla

A

Stimulation of SNS and hormone secretion as stimulus continues, without this body is less able to face danger/stress

31
Q

Describe catecholamine H

A

Effects metabolism:
Inc metabolism rate, glucagon secretion, diet induced
Dec insulin secretion, glucose usage

32
Q

Describe the adrenal cortex

A

Glucocorticoids - Inc metabolism, dec immune system
Mineralocorticoids - regulate fluid/electrolyte balance, reabs of Na instead of K/H, H2O reabs increasing blood volume
Androgens -

33
Q

Describe the action of glucocorticoids

A

Derived from cholesterol, released in response to CRH/ACTH

Used as drugs - Dec inflammatroy/immune responses eg for skin conditions, autoimmune disease

34
Q

Describe the action of aldosterone

A

Effects salt balance, mainly kidney tubules
Promotes Na/H2O retention
Increases K excretion

35
Q

Describe Addison’s disease

A

Adrenal insufficieny, not enough steroid hormones produced
Dec mineralocorticoids causes hypotension, dehydration, electrolyte imbalance - Cardiac issues
Dec glucocorticoids causes inability to maintain normal glucose conc, dec basal metabolic rate so mild infection may cause death
Inc ACTH release due to negative feedback causes skin blotchy

Y1 - HPP2 (17 decks)

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