Immune system and lymphoid organs

Question 1

What are the general functions of the lymphoid system

Answer 1

1. Can distinguish self (own body) from non self (foreign substances)
2. Neutralizes or inactivates foreign substances
3. Destroys foreign substances

Question 2

What does “self” imply

Answer 2

It means that the immune system is able to distinguish the bodies own cells from foreign substances

Question 3

What does “nonself” imply

Answer 3

It means that the immune system is able to recognize foreign substances

Question 4

Innate immunity

Answer 4

Immunity you are born with.

Question 5

Adaptive immunity

Answer 5

Acquired immunity over time and through exposure to foreign substances (IE vaccines).

Question 6

Which cells are part of the adaptive immunity

Answer 6

B and T lymphocytes

Question 7

Which cells are part of the innate immunity

Answer 7

Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, macrophages, natural killer cells

Question 8

Which type of immunity makes antibodies as its response to a foreign subject

Answer 8

The adaptive immunity (Bcells)

Question 9

How does the innate immunity get rid of foreign substances

Answer 9

Usually through phagocytosis. The cells of the innate system are directly involved in killing pathogens

Question 10

How does the adaptive response work

Answer 10

T and B cells must recognize the antigens and have a corresponding antibody that will deactivate the foreign substance (antigen)

Question 11

What is an epitope

Answer 11

The specific portion of an antigen that is recognized by a B or T cell.

Question 12

Which immune response works faster

Answer 12

The innate immunity response

Question 13

Immunocompetent cell

Answer 13

Means that a B or T cell is mature and can recognize antigens allowing for immune responses to occur

Question 14

Immune response

Answer 14

How body recognizes and defends itself against bacteria, viruses and foreign substances

Question 15

Humoral immunity

Answer 15

(Fluid based) Involves the B cells. Begins with antigen recognition by naive B cells. They then undergo clonal expansion and differentiation. B cell matures into an antibody secreting plasma cells which secretes antibodies. These antibodies will then recognize future exposure

Question 16

Cellular immunity

Answer 16

Does not involve antibodies, instead it involves the activation of phagocytes, antigen- specific cytotoxic T cells, and the release of cytokines in response to the antigen

Question 17

Memory cells

Answer 17

The pool of B cells that will recognize an antigen next time it enters the body (i.e. vaccinations)

Question 18

antigen presenting cell (APC)

Answer 18

Cells that present (or display) the foreign antigen on their surface in order for T cell to interact with

Question 19

What is the predominant APC for naive T cells

Answer 19

Dendritic cells

Other cells include macrophages, B cells, and basophils

Question 20

Lymphoid tissue

Answer 20

Tissue that possess lymphocytes (B/T)

Question 21

Central (primary) lymphoid organs

Answer 21

1. Bone marrow
2. Thymus
   (sites of antigen independent lymphocyte generation)

Question 22

Peripheral (secondary) lymphoid organs

Answer 22

Tissues in which adaptive immune responses are initiated. Includes:
lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils
(MALT, GALT,BALT, CALT, NALT)

Question 23

Waldeyer’s ring

Answer 23

3 tonsils make up ring of NALT

Palatine, nasophargyngeal, and lingual tonsil (circle at entrance of gut/airway)

Question 24

Peyers Patch

Answer 24

Small masses of lymphatic tissue (and nodes) all grouped together found in the ileum region of SI

Question 25

Immunoglobulin

Answer 25

Antibody, glycoprotein made by plasma cells (WBC). Binds with specific antigens on bacteria and viruses. All mature B cells bear these.

Question 26

antigen

Answer 26

Any substance that causes your body to make antibodies against it

Question 27

immunodeficiency

Answer 27

Immune system is having difficulty fighting off infection or disease

Question 28

Where are B cells made

Answer 28

Bone marrow

Question 29

Where do B cells mature

Answer 29

In the bursa of the mucosa or basically in the peripheral (secondary) lymph organs

Question 30

Where are T cells made

Answer 30

Bone marrow

Question 31

Where do they mature

Answer 31

In the thymus and tonsils

Question 32

What is a plasma cell

Answer 32

also called a plasma B cells. WBC that secrete large volumes of antibodies.

Question 33

How are plasma cells transported

Answer 33

By the blood plasma and lymphatic system

Question 34

Function of lymphatic vessels

Answer 34

1. Move fluid from interstitial space 2. Carries humoral and antigen bearing cells from tissue to lymph nodes 3. Connects lymph nodes 4. Dumps lymph fluid back into venous system

Question 35

What are the two subcategories of adaptive immunity

Answer 35

1. Humoral | 2. Cellular

Question 36

3 sets of tonsils

Answer 36

1. Palantine 2. nasopharyngeal 3. Lingual

Question 37

Function of palatine tonsils

Answer 37

Protect body against respiratory and GI infections

Question 38

Function of pharyngeal tonsils

Answer 38

Aid in sweeping out or removing foreign substances from the throat to prevent GI or respiratory

Question 39

Function of Lingual tonsils

Answer 39

Remove invading organisms before it enters throat

Question 40

Afferent lymphatic vessel

Answer 40

Carries lymph fluid to a lymph node

Question 41

Efferent lymphatic vessel

Answer 41

Carries lymph fluid away from a lymph node

Question 42

Follicular Cortex

Answer 42

Outer portion of the lymph node (underneath the capsule) B cell rich!!!

Question 43

Parafollicular cortex

Answer 43

Deep cortex (or cortex just below the follicular cortex) T cell rich!!!!

Question 44

Medulla

Answer 44

Inner portion of lymph node, contains medullary cords that are made up of macrophages and plasma cells

Question 45

Cortical sinuses

Answer 45

The sinuses (or tracts) located in the cortex that drain lymph fluid into the medullary sinuses

Question 46

Medullary sinuses

Answer 46

The sinuses (or tracts) that separate the medullary cords. Lymph flows from medullary sinuses to efferent lymphatic vessel

Question 47

Medullary cords

Answer 47

Cords of lymphatic tissue found in the medulla and are made up of plasma cells and macrophages

Question 48

Which area of the lymph node are rich in B cells

Answer 48

Follicular cortex

Question 49

Which area of the lymph node are rich in T cells

Answer 49

Parafollicular (deep) cortex

Question 50

Function of the spleen

Answer 50

1. Largest 2ndary lymphoid tissue 2. Assesses immune and vascular systems 3. Filters blood to remove damaged and worn out RBC 4. Activates immune responses

Question 51

What is the spleen made up of

Answer 51

red and white pulp

Question 52

Red pulp

Answer 52

Filters blood (flow of blood is from trabecular arteries, to central arteries to red pulp)

Question 53

White pulp

Answer 53

Lymphoid tissue, made up of PALS (t cells around central artery) and scattered B rich follicles

Question 54

What are PALS

Answer 54

T cells around a central artery

Question 55

Splenic sinusoids

Answer 55

Wide blood vessels that drain into the trabecular artery (filters blood)

Question 56

Splenic cords

Answer 56

Cords in the red pulp that separate the sinusoids. Eat old RBC's. Macrophage rich!!!!!

Question 57

Two functions of the thymus

Answer 57

1. Site of T cell maturation/production | 2. Produces hormones

Question 58

Blood thymus barrier

Answer 58

Barrier between circulatory system and thymus. Allows T-cells to mature

Question 59

Thymus cortex

Answer 59

Outer region composed of Immature T cells

Question 60

Thymus medulla

Answer 60

Inner portion of thymus, composed of MATURE T cells

Question 61

Hassal's corpuscle

Answer 61

In thymus, made of flat reticular cells, usually circular. May secrete cytokine, function relatively unknown