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Pathophysiology 2 > Hematopoiesis I: Blood > Flashcards

Hematopoiesis I: Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

The formation of blood cells

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2
Q

What are the formed elements

A

RBC, WBC, platelets (solid component of blood)

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3
Q

What percentage of blood is occupied by RBC

A

41-53% in Males
36-46% in Females.
Men typically have about 10% more RBC

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4
Q

What percentage of blood is occupied by WBC and platelet

A

1% - buffy coat

0.1% is WBC, 4400-11000 cells/microliter

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5
Q

What is the buffy coat

A

The layer in-between RBC and plasma after being centrifuged

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6
Q

What percentage of blood is occupied by plasma?

A

49-64%

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7
Q

What is plasma made of

A

90% H2O
7% protein
0.9% Inorganic ions
Rest nutrients, blood gases

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8
Q

What does a RBC look like

A

Most numerous formed element. Lack nuclei, biconcave disk, filled with lots of hemoglobin in cytoplasm

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9
Q

What is the function of the biconcave portion of the RBC

A

transport O2 to the body, the biconcave allows for the most surface area of carrying o2. Very flexible which allows it to move more freely throughout the body

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10
Q

Types of plasma proteins

A
  1. Albumin
  2. Globulins - alpha/beta/gamma
  3. Fibrinogen and prothrombin
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11
Q

What are platelets

A

Small cell fragments that when combined with clotting factors in plasma help control clot and hemostasis

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12
Q

What is serum

A

Is the plasma that separates after the blood has been centrifuged and coagulated. It contains NO CLOTTING FACTORS (i.e. platelets, fiibrin)

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13
Q

Which plasma proteins are carrier proteins

A

alpha and beta

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14
Q

Which plasma proteins are immunoglobulins

A

Gamma

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15
Q

Which plasma proteins are for clot formation

A

fibrinogen and prothrombin

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16
Q

What is the normal life span of a RBC

A

120 days

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17
Q

Functions of the RBC

A
  1. Transport 02

2. Transport CO2

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18
Q

What is the total blood volume of RBC (men/women)

A
  1. 5 billion cells/microliter

4. 0 billion cells/microliter

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19
Q

Where else is CO2 carried

A

In plasma as Co2 and HCO3

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20
Q

Variants of RBC

A
  1. Reticulocytes
  2. Sickle Cells
  3. Macrocytes
  4. Microcyte
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21
Q

Reticulocytes

A

Immature RBC - make up 1-2 % of RBC.

Takes up a blue stain because of residual ribosomal RNA
Not normal to have lots of reticulocytes, but a few is normal

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22
Q

sickle cells

A

Combination of mutated hemoglobin. Distorts the cell shape. Cells are rigid fragile and short lived. Most people have anemia because these cells can’t carry enough o2

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23
Q

Macrocyte/microcyte

A

> 9micron abnormally large RBC that causes anemia usually due to low folic acid.

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24
Q

How does macrocyte cause anemia

A

Interferes with DNA replication so the cell cycle takes longer

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25
Q

How does microcyte cause anemia

A

The cells are not making enough hemoglobin even though they are still dividing rapidly. You get a lot of cells that lack hemoglobin

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26
Q

Anemia

A

Reduced hemoglobin due to decrease # of RBC

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27
Q

Erythrocytosis or polycythemia

A

Increased # of RBC

28
Q

Types of WBCs (leukocytes)

A
  1. Granulocytes - PMN

2. Agranulocytes - mononuclear

29
Q

3 granulocytes

A
  1. Neutrophils - most abundant
  2. Eosinophils
  3. Basophils - least abundant
30
Q

2 agranulocytes

A
  1. Lymphocytes - T/B cells

2. Monocyte (which become macrophages-interstial tissue)

31
Q

What does nucleus of granulocyte look like

A

multinucleated

32
Q

What percentage of WBC do neutrophils make up

A

50-70%, 1800-7700 cells/microliter

33
Q

How many WBC per microliter of blood

A

4,400-11,000

34
Q

What are band cells

A

They are immature neutrophils (or baso/eos)

35
Q

How long do neutrophils live

A

Only a couple of hours (6-7 in blood, 1-4days in CT)

36
Q

What is the function of neutrophils

A

Main WBC in response to inflammation and infection. Eating bacteria

37
Q

Types of neutrophil specific granules

A
  1. Alkaline phosphatase
  2. Collagenase
  3. Lactoferrin
  4. Lysozyme
38
Q

What does the collagenase granule do

A

Degrades EC matrix

39
Q

What does the lactoferrin granule do

A

Binds iron so bacteria can’t use to to grow

40
Q

What does the lysozyme granule do

A

degrades bacterial cell wall

41
Q

What percentage of WBCs does eosinophils make up

A

1-3% of leukocytes

42
Q

What is a distinguishing factor of eosinophils

A

Will stain super bright red, large bi-lobed (usually) nucleus

43
Q

Eosinophil specific granules

A
  1. Collagenase
  2. Histaminase -keeps histamine response in check
  3. Major basic protein
  4. 5’ - nucleotidease
  5. phospholipase
  6. RNase
44
Q

What normal tissues are eosinophils found in

A
  1. Epithelium of the bronchi
  2. GI tract
  3. Uterus
  4. Vagina

CT!!!!!

45
Q

What condition or stimulus causes an increase in eosinophils

A
  1. Parasite

2. Allergic reaction (down regulate)

46
Q

What percentage of WBCs do basophils make up

A

0.3%

47
Q

What is the function of a basophil

A

Aid in allergic responses, similarly to mast cells. They also bind IgE antibodies for allergen specificity

48
Q

Specific basophil granules

A
  1. Eosinophil Chemotactic factors
  2. Heparin
  3. Histamine
  4. Peroxidase - oxiclean of the cell
  5. Leukotrienes
49
Q

What are the two type of lymphocytes

A

T and B cells

50
Q

T-cells

A

Cell mediated immunity

B cell activation

51
Q

B-cells

A
  1. precursors to antibody-producing cells

2. Humoral immune system (means that it is mediated or activated by antibodies

52
Q

What are monocytes responsible for

A
  1. innate and adaptive immune responses
  2. Bacterial phagocytosis
  3. Wound healing
  4. Debris removal
53
Q

hematopoietic tissue

A

Tissues where blood formation takes place.

54
Q

Where does hematopoiesis take place in utero

A

The yolk sac, liver and spleen

55
Q

Where does hematopoiesis take place at birth

A

In red bone marrow

56
Q

Where does hematopoiesis take place during adulthood

A

Bone marrow, but it has become mostly yellow, ribs, vertebra, long bones

57
Q

What percentage of WBC is made up of lymphocytes

A

18-42% 1,000-4800 per microliter

58
Q

What percentage of WBC is made up of monocytes

A

2-8%

59
Q

Which WBC is normally found in CT

A

Eosinophils

60
Q

How do you differentiate between T and B cells

A

Hard to tell, can test for lineage-specific markers

61
Q

What is does the structure of a lymphocyte look like

A

Spherical nucleus with clumped chromatin

62
Q

Compartments neutrophil passes through during maturation

A

Formed in bone marrow, mature in sinusoids, released into blood stream

63
Q

Role of band neutrophils

A

Formed in bone marrow but are released into blood stream before they are fully mature. If too many band neutrophils, it can cause leukemia

64
Q

What are the nonspecific granules that all leukocytes have

A
  1. Azurophilic - Binds blue stain

2. Lysosomes - hydrolytic enzymes

65
Q

What percentage of lymphocytes does T cell make up

A

60-80%

66
Q

What percentage of lymphocytes does B cell make up

A

20 to 30%

67
Q

What is the life span of a lymphocyte

A

Days if acute infection.

Up to years/decades for some long term plasma cells

Pathophysiology 2 (8 decks)

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