Hematopoiesis I: Blood

Question 1

Hematopoiesis

Answer 1

The formation of blood cells

Question 2

What are the formed elements

Answer 2

RBC, WBC, platelets (solid component of blood)

Question 3

What percentage of blood is occupied by RBC

Answer 3

41-53% in Males
36-46% in Females.
Men typically have about 10% more RBC

Question 4

What percentage of blood is occupied by WBC and platelet

Answer 4

1% - buffy coat

0.1% is WBC, 4400-11000 cells/microliter

Question 5

What is the buffy coat

Answer 5

The layer in-between RBC and plasma after being centrifuged

Question 6

What percentage of blood is occupied by plasma?

Answer 6

49-64%

Question 7

What is plasma made of

Answer 7

90% H2O
7% protein
0.9% Inorganic ions
Rest nutrients, blood gases

Question 8

What does a RBC look like

Answer 8

Most numerous formed element. Lack nuclei, biconcave disk, filled with lots of hemoglobin in cytoplasm

Question 9

What is the function of the biconcave portion of the RBC

Answer 9

transport O2 to the body, the biconcave allows for the most surface area of carrying o2. Very flexible which allows it to move more freely throughout the body

Question 10

Types of plasma proteins

Answer 10

1. Albumin
2. Globulins - alpha/beta/gamma
3. Fibrinogen and prothrombin

Question 11

What are platelets

Answer 11

Small cell fragments that when combined with clotting factors in plasma help control clot and hemostasis

Question 12

What is serum

Answer 12

Is the plasma that separates after the blood has been centrifuged and coagulated. It contains NO CLOTTING FACTORS (i.e. platelets, fiibrin)

Question 13

Which plasma proteins are carrier proteins

Answer 13

alpha and beta

Question 14

Which plasma proteins are immunoglobulins

Answer 14

Gamma

Question 15

Which plasma proteins are for clot formation

Answer 15

fibrinogen and prothrombin

Question 16

What is the normal life span of a RBC

Answer 16

120 days

Question 17

Functions of the RBC

Answer 17

1. Transport 02

2. Transport CO2

Question 18

What is the total blood volume of RBC (men/women)

Answer 18

4. 5 billion cells/microliter

4. 0 billion cells/microliter

Question 19

Where else is CO2 carried

Answer 19

In plasma as Co2 and HCO3

Question 20

Variants of RBC

Answer 20

1. Reticulocytes
2. Sickle Cells
3. Macrocytes
4. Microcyte

Question 21

Reticulocytes

Answer 21

Immature RBC - make up 1-2 % of RBC.

Takes up a blue stain because of residual ribosomal RNA
Not normal to have lots of reticulocytes, but a few is normal

Question 22

sickle cells

Answer 22

Combination of mutated hemoglobin. Distorts the cell shape. Cells are rigid fragile and short lived. Most people have anemia because these cells can’t carry enough o2

Question 23

Macrocyte/microcyte

Answer 23

> 9micron abnormally large RBC that causes anemia usually due to low folic acid.

Question 24

How does macrocyte cause anemia

Answer 24

Interferes with DNA replication so the cell cycle takes longer

Question 25

How does microcyte cause anemia

Answer 25

The cells are not making enough hemoglobin even though they are still dividing rapidly. You get a lot of cells that lack hemoglobin

Question 26

Anemia

Answer 26

Reduced hemoglobin due to decrease # of RBC

Question 27

Erythrocytosis or polycythemia

Answer 27

Increased # of RBC

Question 28

Types of WBCs (leukocytes)

Answer 28

1. Granulocytes - PMN | 2. Agranulocytes - mononuclear

Question 29

3 granulocytes

Answer 29

1. Neutrophils - most abundant 2. Eosinophils 3. Basophils - least abundant

Question 30

2 agranulocytes

Answer 30

1. Lymphocytes - T/B cells | 2. Monocyte (which become macrophages-interstial tissue)

Question 31

What does nucleus of granulocyte look like

Answer 31

multinucleated

Question 32

What percentage of WBC do neutrophils make up

Answer 32

50-70%, 1800-7700 cells/microliter

Question 33

How many WBC per microliter of blood

Answer 33

4,400-11,000

Question 34

What are band cells

Answer 34

They are immature neutrophils (or baso/eos)

Question 35

How long do neutrophils live

Answer 35

Only a couple of hours (6-7 in blood, 1-4days in CT)

Question 36

What is the function of neutrophils

Answer 36

Main WBC in response to inflammation and infection. Eating bacteria

Question 37

Types of neutrophil specific granules

Answer 37

1. Alkaline phosphatase 2. Collagenase 3. Lactoferrin 4. Lysozyme

Question 38

What does the collagenase granule do

Answer 38

Degrades EC matrix

Question 39

What does the lactoferrin granule do

Answer 39

Binds iron so bacteria can't use to to grow

Question 40

What does the lysozyme granule do

Answer 40

degrades bacterial cell wall

Question 41

What percentage of WBCs does eosinophils make up

Answer 41

1-3% of leukocytes

Question 42

What is a distinguishing factor of eosinophils

Answer 42

Will stain super bright red, large bi-lobed (usually) nucleus

Question 43

Eosinophil specific granules

Answer 43

1. Collagenase 2. Histaminase -keeps histamine response in check 3. Major basic protein 4. 5' - nucleotidease 5. phospholipase 6. RNase

Question 44

What normal tissues are eosinophils found in

Answer 44

1. Epithelium of the bronchi 2. GI tract 3. Uterus 4. Vagina CT!!!!!

Question 45

What condition or stimulus causes an increase in eosinophils

Answer 45

1. Parasite | 2. Allergic reaction (down regulate)

Question 46

What percentage of WBCs do basophils make up

Answer 46

0.3%

Question 47

What is the function of a basophil

Answer 47

Aid in allergic responses, similarly to mast cells. They also bind IgE antibodies for allergen specificity

Question 48

Specific basophil granules

Answer 48

1. Eosinophil Chemotactic factors 2. Heparin 3. Histamine 4. Peroxidase - oxiclean of the cell 5. Leukotrienes

Question 49

What are the two type of lymphocytes

Answer 49

T and B cells

Question 50

T-cells

Answer 50

Cell mediated immunity | B cell activation

Question 51

B-cells

Answer 51

1. precursors to antibody-producing cells | 2. Humoral immune system (means that it is mediated or activated by antibodies

Question 52

What are monocytes responsible for

Answer 52

1. innate and adaptive immune responses 2. Bacterial phagocytosis 3. Wound healing 4. Debris removal

Question 53

hematopoietic tissue

Answer 53

Tissues where blood formation takes place.

Question 54

Where does hematopoiesis take place in utero

Answer 54

The yolk sac, liver and spleen

Question 55

Where does hematopoiesis take place at birth

Answer 55

In red bone marrow

Question 56

Where does hematopoiesis take place during adulthood

Answer 56

Bone marrow, but it has become mostly yellow, ribs, vertebra, long bones

Question 57

What percentage of WBC is made up of lymphocytes

Answer 57

18-42% 1,000-4800 per microliter

Question 58

What percentage of WBC is made up of monocytes

Answer 58

2-8%

Question 59

Which WBC is normally found in CT

Answer 59

Eosinophils

Question 60

How do you differentiate between T and B cells

Answer 60

Hard to tell, can test for lineage-specific markers

Question 61

What is does the structure of a lymphocyte look like

Answer 61

Spherical nucleus with clumped chromatin

Question 62

Compartments neutrophil passes through during maturation

Answer 62

Formed in bone marrow, mature in sinusoids, released into blood stream

Question 63

Role of band neutrophils

Answer 63

Formed in bone marrow but are released into blood stream before they are fully mature. If too many band neutrophils, it can cause leukemia

Question 64

What are the nonspecific granules that all leukocytes have

Answer 64

1. Azurophilic - Binds blue stain | 2. Lysosomes - hydrolytic enzymes

Question 65

What percentage of lymphocytes does T cell make up

Answer 65

60-80%

Question 66

What percentage of lymphocytes does B cell make up

Answer 66

20 to 30%

Question 67

What is the life span of a lymphocyte

Answer 67

Days if acute infection. | Up to years/decades for some long term plasma cells