Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PHGY209 > Immune system > Flashcards

Immune system Flashcards

1
Q

what type of disease is HIV?

A

immunodeficency virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the primary organs of the immune system?

A
  • stem cells from the yolk sac and fetal liver
  • bone marrow
  • thymus gland
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are secondary organs?

A

these are the organs which during adulthood take care of our immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the secondary organs?

A

lymph nodes
spleen
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what proportion of the population did small pox kill?

A

1 out of 10 people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

why were the milkman’s not affected by small pox?

A

because working with cows they came into contact with cow pox which gave them immunity against small pox

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what were the last cases of small poxs?

A
  • last person to contract it was in 1977 in Somalia, he survived with treatment
  • 2 accidental laboratory cases; 1 death in 1978
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is an antigen?

A

it is a toxigen or a foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the different types of antigens we have encountered?

A

-immunogen: initiates immune response
-hapten: it is a small bacteria which requires a carrier to become an immunogen
-allergen will provoke allergic responses
-tolerogen is a substance that invokes a specific non-reponsiveness
Ligand: produced when antigen binds to antibody

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the 3 lines of host defense?

A

the coverings of the body
the innate immune response
the adaptive immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

if someone steps on glass what would be the first line of defence to be affected?

A

the skin and mucous membrane which provide unpleasent living conditions for the microorganisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are some of the factors that affect the living conditions for microorganisms in the skin and mucous membrane

A
  • epidermis
  • mucus
  • pH
  • enzymes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the first cells involved in immune response?

A

macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are PAMPs?

A

they are pathogen associated molecular patterns

not present oh human cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are some examples of PAMPs that can be found on bacterial cells

A

LPS of gram-negative bacteria

peptidoglycan wall of gram positive bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what part of the immune system recognizes PAMP?

A

Pattern recognition receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is a toll-like receptor (TLR)?

A

highly conserved trans membrane 1 receptor
essential for microbial recognition via PAMPs
they belong to PRRs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the importance of mammalian TLR?

A

In humans, recent studies suggest that certain naturally occurring variants in a specific TLR are associated with increased risk of certain diseases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the innate immune system?

A

it is a natural and non specific which lacks memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are some of the cellular factors found in the innate immune system?

A
  • phagocytic cells

- cells with inflammatory mediators

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

give examples of phagocytic cells

A
  • neutrophiles
  • macrophages
  • interdigesting dendritic cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are some of the humeral factors found in the innate immune system?

A
  • acute phase reactants

- cytokinins (interferon-alpha)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

give examples of some acute phase reactants

A
  • c-reactive protein
  • complement
  • interleukin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are some polymorphonucleur granulocytes?

A
  • neutrophils
  • eosinophils
  • basophils
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

describe the neutrophil

A
  • major macrocytic cell

- multiple nucleis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

describe dendritic cells?

A

-surface dendrites will phagocytose some bacteria and hold some on its surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

where does antibody creation occur?

A

in lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what does MDNCF stand for?

A

monocyte derived neutrophil chemotactic factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

in the case of an immunological disease what may be abnormal in the human body?

A

thymus
bone marrow
lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what happens when an activating substance is released by bacteria and damaged tissue?

A

the neutrophil rolls along the capillary wall making its way to capillary endothelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

how is the microbe taken into the cell?

A

the neutrophil containing the microbe adheres to the membrane and its taken into the cell by endocytosis and taken off as a phagosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what does the phagosome interact with?

A

it interacts with the cytoplasm lysosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what happens to the neutrophil?

A

it will die (suicide) and result in the formation of the NET

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

how is Pus formed?

A

dead bacteria + NET

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

are natural killer cells activated on every cell in the body?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

how does the natural killer cell function (general description)

A
  • extracellular micro in taken in through endocytosis
  • phagosome formation
  • lysosome joins to phagosome
  • formation of phagolysosome
  • end products get released into the cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

the MHC- class 1 on normal cells is recognized by what?

A

by killer cells immunoglobin like recptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

does natural killer kill normal cells?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

do B cells interact with MHC?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

can the MHC be restricted by the Natural killer cells?

A

no, beause interaction with MHC is not required for their activation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what happens when natural killer cells are activated?

A

they release ganyle contents which induce apoptosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

how many pathways can be taken to activate the complement?

A

3

  • classical
  • mb-lectin
  • alternative
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what does the alternative pathway consist of?

A

activated by interraction between CHO on the surface of the microbe and inactivated complement.
HENCE OCCURS ON PATHOGEN SURFACE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what does the classical pathway use to activate the complement

A

use of antigen consisting of antibody complexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

how does the MB-lectin pathway function activate the complement?

A

lectin bind to the pathogen surface activating the complement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what happens when the complement is activated?

A
  • recruitement of inflammatory cells
  • opsonization of pathogens
  • killing of pathogens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what type of cell links the innate and adaptive immune system together?

A

dendritic cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what are the 4 major components of inflammation

A

heat (calor)
pain ( dulor)
redness (rubor)
swelling (tumor)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what do dendritic cells make their way back to?

A

make their way back to the lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what does the innate immune response result in?

A

inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

what is the cellular sequence of the innate immune system?

A 
1- tissue macrophage
 -recognition of PAMPs with TLR
-bacterial phagocytosis and digestion
-prodution of MDNCF
2- the neurtophil
-bacterial phagocytosis
bacterial destruction
-neutrophil suicide
-Pus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

what are the characteristics of the adaptive immune system

A

specific

acquire

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

what do both humeral and cell mediated immune responses have early on?

A

T helper cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

what type of cell is missing in AIDS patients?

A

T helper cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

what is the late process mediated by>

A

CD-8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

what is the present in the humeral adaptive system on the later phase?

A

humeral antibody

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

what is the adaptive immune system specific to?

A

antigen and epitope

58
Q

what are antigen presenting cells (APC)?

A

MHC+ peptide

59
Q

what are some of the APC?

A
  • Interdigesting dendritic cell
  • macrophage
  • B vlymphocytes
60
Q

what differs between the class 1 and class 2 HLA structures

A 
class 1: the chains are markedly different molecular masses,  a large alpha chain and a small beta-2 microglobulin chain
class 2: alpha and beta chains are almost the same size
61
Q

what is the MHC complex found in mice?

A

H2 complex

62
Q

what is the MHC complex found in humans?

A

HLA complex

63
Q

on what cells is the MHC2 complex found?

A

dendritic cells, macrophage and B cells

64
Q

foot ball version of immunity… summarize

A
  • on the offensive side we have bacteria and on the defence we have the 3 layer of defence.
  • the bacteria makes its way and tries to attack and gets captured by the macrophage, which partially stops it, then the neutrophil captures part of it (and dies), then the dendritic cell joins to it and captures it
65
Q

what is the human equivalent to the bursa of fabricus in the bird?

A

bone marrow

66
Q

what is the lymphatic rout in humans?

A

in utero:
it begins in the yolk sac
goes to the liver and then the bone marrow and to the thymus

67
Q

is the sulfide bond critical to the antibody structure

A

no

68
Q

where in the antibody is the binding site located?

A

between the light and heavy chain

69
Q

what are some important characteristics of pre T cells?

A

they are double positive cells

CD4 [helper] AND CD8[ killer]

70
Q

what happens to Pre T cells

A

-the respective B and T cells spend time in bone marrow and thymus where they divide and differentiate to be made SPECIFIC

71
Q

what is a particularity of the B and T cells made in utero by pre T cells?

A

they all have their own specificity

72
Q

where are B cells located once inside the lymph nodes?

A

along the periphery of the nodes

73
Q

where are T cells located once inside the lymph nodes?

A

along the deep cortex of the medulla

74
Q

what is the lymphatic route?

A

begins in utero in the yolk sac.
stem cell makes its way into the bone marrow and thymus
then make their way to the lymph nodes and spleen where T and B cells live in different areas (thymus= T and bone marrow= B)

75
Q

for what peptide is the T cell specific for?

A

MHC-2

76
Q

what is co-reception and what it it essential for?

A

co-recteption involved the binding of B7 dendritic cell to a CD28 receptor on the T cell

without this, immune response cannot function

77
Q

can the macrophage act as an antigen presenting cell?

A

yes

78
Q

what happens when Macrophage acts as APC?

A

it will call the neutrophile in, which will take up a part of the cell and die, resulting in the Net, then the dendritic will pick up the bug and make its way to the regional lymph nodes.

79
Q

how is the immune response stopped once not required?

A

throught the process of checkpoint inhibition, CTA4 and PD1 sometimes Regulatory T cells will be able to stop the immune response

80
Q

what is the role of CTLA4?

A

it stop the activation of the T cell by binding to B7

81
Q

explain the process taken by dendritic cell in presence of a bug

A
  • dendritic cell picks up a peptide and bring it next to CD4
  • TH2 cell joins to the peptide of MHC2 of the dendritic cell
  • CTLA4 and TTFB are expressed and turn off immune in adults
  • reception and coreception is established between dendritic and T cell
  • binding of CD40L to CD40 of B cell and produce antibodies causing for 3 IL (4,5,6) to go from T cell to B cell allowing for multiplication
82
Q

is it easy to visualize the structure of albumin? why?

A

yes

due to its high concentratio

83
Q

nare globulin structure easy to visualize?

A

no, it is too heterogenous

84
Q

what has allowed to identify and analyze the structure of a single Y globulin structure?

A

Multiple Myeloma

85
Q

what is the basic structure of antibodies?

A

four chains

with 2 identical light chains (kappa or lamba) which determines the immunoglobulin type

86
Q

what determines the classes of immunoglobulin molecule

A

the heavy chains

87
Q

what do lab fragments result in?

A

Fab which is an antigen-binding fragments

Fc which is a crystallizable fragment which determines the biological activity of an Ig class

88
Q

identify its respective immunoglobin type?
First Ig made in ANY immunological response
involved in complement binding

A

IgM

89
Q

identify its respective immunoglobin type?

involved in placental transfers and complement binding

A

IgG

90
Q

identify its respective immunoglobin type?

Has secretory properties (MALT and mucosa)

A

IgA

91
Q

identify its respective immunoglobin type?

binds to mast cells and has mastocytophilic properties

A

IgE

92
Q

how many subclasses does IgG have?

A

4

93
Q

how many subclasses does IgA have?

A

2

94
Q

how could you describe IgM?

A

it is pentavalent (5 monomers) and has 10 binding sites (decavalent)

95
Q

how could IgA be described?

A

dimeric (2 monomers) and 4 binding sites (tetravalent)

96
Q

what happens when the antibodies have nothing to kill?

A

antibodies can neutralize toxins

97
Q

how does the neutralization of toxins occur in the complement system?

A

C1q binds followed by C1r- C1s then C4, C2 and C3

98
Q

what acts as neutrophil attracting molecules in the complement system?

A

C3-C5 of the complement system

99
Q

what methods can be used to kill “bugs” using the complement system?

A

C5-C5 brings in neutrophiles

C7-C9 formes pores in the membrane causing for the bug to die

100
Q

what is C3 of the complement system?

A

it is an neutrophile chemotactic hence it allows neutrophile phagocytosis, death and NET

101
Q

in what does C3 break down into?

A

C3a and C3b

102
Q

the binding of C7-C8-C9 is also known as what?

A

mac complex

103
Q

what does each molecule of the complement system do?

A

it will amplify the waterfall

104
Q

what do the products of C3 and C5 do?

A

they enhance neutrophil phagocytosis

hence they act as chemokines

105
Q

which molecule of the complement sequence punches a hole in the bacteria

A

C9

106
Q

what can the alternative pathway be activated by?

A
  • LPS (a PAMP)

- complement

107
Q

what is the role of LPS in the alternative pathway

A

turn on the innate immune response

108
Q

what role does the complement play in the alternative pathway

A

enhances phagocytosis C3 and C5

109
Q

how is antibody formed according to Linus?

A

it is instructible
non specific proteins will come and wrap around the antigen
it floats off

110
Q

what is Paul Ehrlich’s theory for antibody production?

A

cells live through side chains on the surface of cells. if toxins come, they block the side chains causing cell to die. to counter this effect, cell will produce more of itself

111
Q

what are some characteristics of pro-B cells?

A

first made in utero
lack receptors
can only go forward

112
Q

what cell is the final maturation stage of the b cell?

A

plasma cell

113
Q

how is the genes of the cell selected and put together?

A

randomly

114
Q

what is the first constant region to be selected?

A

u is always the first as it is the one involved with IgM

115
Q

what ribosomal structure is taken up by the cytoplasm to make IgM antibodies?

A

mRNA

116
Q

if you want a class switch that will convert IgM into IgG what must be done?

A

u needs to be switched for Y3 which will yield IgG

117
Q

what turns off immune response?

A

PD1

CTLA4

118
Q

what happens once the system is turned off in regards to the molecules which turn it off?

A

they are now acquired and the adaptive system will remember it.

119
Q

where are memory cells generally stored?

A

in the apical light zones of the lymph node

120
Q

why are vaccines often given in 2 doses?

A

the first does increases antibody production, where as for the second dose we have memory and so class switch enables to rapidly synthesize IgG antibodies

121
Q

which cell is more diverse? B cell or T cell?

A

T cells

helper and cytotoxic

122
Q

which T cell helps make antibodies?

A

Helper T cell

123
Q

what are the important characteristics of Regulatory T cells?

A

-downregulates the immune system and autoimmune diseases

124
Q

what is special about T helper cell 17

A

-Th17 makes Il17 which is proinflammatory and over production of it will yield the production of autoimmune diseases

125
Q

what are TH3 cells involved in?

A
  • mucosal immunity and protection of mucosal surfaces
  • accomplished by secreting TGF-beta and Il10 (immunosupressing)
  • TGF-beta promotes class switch to IgA which doesnt usually activate complement system
  • inhibits TH1 and TH2
126
Q

what are natural killer T cells?

A
  • heterogenous group of T cells

- share common properties of NK and T cells

127
Q

how are TCR and slg formed?

A

randomly

not in response to any antigenic stimulation

128
Q

what is a characteristic of early T cells?
what does this mean?
What happens as they mature

A

they are double positive hence they are composed of CD4+ and CD8+
once they mature they become either CD4 (Helpers) or CD8 (cytotoxic)

129
Q

what are CD4 and CD8 involved in?

A

binding T cells to the MHC2 region of the MHC-peptide complex on the APC and MHC1 region of the MHC-peptide complex on the target cell while the TCR binds other parts

130
Q

what is an effect of TCR and slg’s random selection

A

because 95% of the T cells produced by the thymus don’t exit it same as for the B cells in the blood marrow

131
Q

what happens if the MHC is too well recognized? not well enough?

A

in both cases they are deleted

132
Q

how does T cell immunity work for viruses?

A
  • virus enters dendritic cell
  • TH1 cell comes and binds with MHC2-peptide as well as B7
  • Tc cell comes along
  • TH1 and Tc cell interact with the help of IL 2 and INF and destroys the cell
  • MHC1 and TCR digest the virus
133
Q

what happens when a virus enters the cell?

A

it will take over the cell’s total functioning and control it based on of its own needs

134
Q

why is it possible in the proteosome to have an immune response even if MHC2 is lacking?

A

due to corepresentation (MHC2 gets bypassed in the process)

135
Q

what is present in all antigens?

A

MHC2

136
Q

what happens if a T cell does not recognize MHC 2 molecules?

A

they are negatively selected and their clone is destroyed

137
Q

what happens if a T cell recognizes MHC2-self peptide complex molecules?

A

they are negatively selected and their clone is destroyed

138
Q

what % OF Thymic lymphocytes recognize MHC2-SELF?

A

95%

139
Q

what happens if a T cell recognizes MHC2-nonself peptide complex molecules?

A

positively selected

peripheralized to the secondary lymphoid organs

140
Q

how in immunological tolerance maintained in adults?

A
  • ongoing thymic tolerance mechanisms for new T cells produced
  • CTLA4 AND B1 inactivate the binding

PHGY209 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions