Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PHGY209 > Body Fluids > Flashcards

Body Fluids Flashcards

1
Q

what is the milieu interieur comprised of?

A

its comprised of the various body fluids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are some important aspects of body fluids?

A
  • volume
  • distribution
  • characteristics
  • functions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the most abundant body fluid in the body.

what % of the body does it occupy?

A

H20

it occupies between 45-75% of the body volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what occurs in body water?

A
  • solutes are dissolved

- metabolic reactions take place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are some other functions of body water?

A
  • mositen tissues
  • protects organs and tissues
  • carries nutrients and o2 to cells
  • helps in flushingwaste products
  • lubricates joints
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the most significant factor that accounts for variations in body water % in individuals?

A

fat content will cause for body water % to vary between individuals

a person with a higher BF% will tend to have a lower H20%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how can we adjust and calculate to see that in reality, the % of H20 difference isn’t so significant?

A

if we compute it relative to LBM we see that the variations are in reality extremely small.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what % of the skin is H20?

A

70%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what % of the muscles is H20?

A

75%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what % of the heart, liver, kidney and brain is H20?

A

70-80%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what % of the bones is H20?

A

25%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what % of the skin is H20?

A

10%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

when using a physiological Reference Individual what must adjustments be done for?

A
  • age
  • gender
  • weight
  • ethnic origin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how the body water vary with age

A

body water constant decreases with age

newborn: 75%
adult: 50-60%
elderly: 45-50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how does body water vary between gender?

A

male tend to have a higher % than females. however, as newborns gender is not a factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

is % Body Water significant when administering medication that is water soluble?

A

yes, day you administer a 100mg medication to a male and to a female, the overall volume of water they have in the body differs greatly (around 12L) hence the overall concentration of the medication in the system of the female will be much greater than that of the male. hence why dosage must be controlled between individuals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what state is body water found in the body.

A

body water is in a constant dynamic state, hence meaning exchanges and movement can constantly be done.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

when talking about water balance, generally speaking, how much fluids do we generally intake?

A
  • oral fluids: 1.2L
  • Oral intake as food: 1.1L
  • Oxidative H20 from metabolism: 0.4L
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are insensible losses?

A

they are losses of fluid, that occur without you noticing it and they occur constantly, such as loss of H20 from lungs and skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what composes the obligatory loses of fluids and how much?

A
  • lungs: 0.4L
  • skin: 0.5L
  • kidney’s (stools): 0.5L
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the facultative loses and what determines their amount?

A

the facultative loses are the loses accomplished mostly through urine loses, and they depend on the total amount of fluids intake, they ensure to reach a water balance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the main difference between insensible perspiration and sweating.

A

insensible perspiration evaporates pure water as opposed to the electrolyte solution lost through sweating
insensible perspiration is a passive process of evaporation and is relative to ambient temperature and humidity where as sweating is an active secretion.
moreover insensible perspiration occurs across the entire skin surface and even in people lacking sweat glands (location where sweating occurs)
lastly insensible perspiration is continuous where as sweating is activated by high heat of heavy work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the general H20 turnover in adults?

A

3-4% bodyweigth in 24H

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the general H20 turnover in infants?

A

10% bodyweight in 24H

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what does the constancy of by water volume help maintain?

A

-normal solute concentrations
-normal blood volume and pressure
these two combined allow for adequate supply of 02 to tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what factors may lead to a negative water balance?

A
  • reduced intake
  • excessive loss from gut (diarrhea)
  • excessive sweating (long workouts, marathon’s etc)
  • excessive loss of expired air (occurs in dy air at high altitudes)
  • excessive urine loss (diabetes)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is water intoxication

A

the consumption or presence of too much water in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what factors may lead to water intoxication?

A
  • excessive intake

- renal system failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what are body water compartments?

A
  • Intracellular fluids

- extracellular fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

how do the body water compartments vary?

A

they vary in size, composition and function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

are compartments and sub compartments rigidly isolated chambers?

A

no, they interact in a dynamic fashion, with constant water exchanges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what fraction do each compartment occupy?

what is the % of total body water?

A

total % of H20: 60% of body mass
ICF: 2/3 of 60% = 40% of body mass
ECF: 1/3 of 60%= 20% of body mass

33
Q

how is the ECF compartment subdivided?

A

it contains 2 Major compartments and 2 minor subcompartments

34
Q

the plasma and ISF are part of which subcompartment?

A

major

35
Q

lymph and transcellular fluid are part of what subcompartment?

A

minor

36
Q

what is plasma?

A

its the fluid medium in which Blood cells are suspended.

37
Q

how can the different blood components be separated?

A

though centrifugation

38
Q

what is Hematocrit (Ht)

A

its the % of blood volume that is occupied by the RBC

39
Q

how is the Ht generally calculated

A

height of erythrocyte colulmn (RBC)/heigh of the whole blood colulmn

40
Q

what is the normal Ht value?

A

around 45%

41
Q

what is the unit for Ht?

A

Packed Cell Volume (PVC

42
Q

what % does the ISF occupy?

A

15% (3/4 of the ECF)

43
Q

what % is occupied by the plasma?

A

5% (1/4 of the ECF)

44
Q

what is the interstitial fluid?

A

its the fluid that percolates between the cells (its the true milieu interieur)

45
Q

what does the ISF pass through to get to other cells?

A

it passes through the capillaries. it a one way system to allow to take fluids back into the blood stream

46
Q

they lymphatic system, how does it function?
what compartment is it found in?
what % does it occupy?

A

its a network of blind-eneded terminal tibles that coalesce to form larger vessels and then large lymphatic ducts which will ultimately drain into the large veins of the chest.
its found in the minor compartment of the ECF and occupies 1-2% of that compartment.

47
Q

what is transcellular fluid?

A

it aggregates of small fluid volumes that specific cells secrete in body cavities that are lined by epithelial cells and all have specialized functions.

48
Q

what volume of the ECF is occupied by the transcellular fluid?

A

<1-2% of ECF

49
Q

Does transcellular fluid contribute to water exchanges and does it affect body fluid balance?

A

no

50
Q

what does transcellular fluid play an important role in?

A

locally its important for function.

51
Q

what is important to be retained about body fluids?

A
  1. total volume remains CONSTANT
  2. distribution between compartments is kept CONSTANT
  3. compartments are in DYNAMIC equilibrium
52
Q

what is the indicator dilution method used for?

A

Determining the volume of compartments indirectly.

53
Q

what is the formula used for Indictor dilution method

what are the variables

A

V=Q/c
V= volume
Q=known quantity of indicator into veins
c= concentration in unit volume of plasma (g/ml)

54
Q

what must one know to calculate volume through IDM?

A
  • total quantity of test substance introduced

- concentration of the substance/unit volume of fluid AFTER DISPERSION

55
Q

how to proceed with IDM

A
  1. introduce know quantity of indicator into vein
  2. allow to equilibrate
  3. remove known volume of blood & centrifuge
  4. measure concentration in unit volume of plasma
    5/ calculate V=Q/c
56
Q

what factors must be considered when choosing an indicator?

A
  • needs to be non toxic
  • readily diffuses through out membrane compartment
  • doesn’t cause changes in water distribution between the compartments
  • easily measurable
57
Q

what can be used to measure total body water?

A

Antipyrine
D2O
T2O

58
Q

what indicator should be used to measure total ECF volume? why?

A

inulin
sucrose
mannitol
because radioactive sugars will pass through the capillary wall but not the cell membrane which separates the ICF from the ECF

59
Q

what indicator can be used to measure ICF?

A

no indicator is used, must find total body volume-ECF= ICF

60
Q

what indicator is used to measure plasma volume and why?

A

Evan’s blue is used as it does not cross the capillary wall allowing to isolate the plasma membrane from ISF.

61
Q

how is ISF volume calculated?

A

take ECF volume-Plasma volume since their isn’t an indicator that can readily determine the ISF volume.

62
Q

what must be done with Evan’s blue in clinical situations

A

we must correct the amount for for any amount aht has been removed through metabolism and excretion during the time we allowed for mixing.

63
Q

genrally speaking what is a body fluid?

A

it is essentially and queous solution of inorganic ions with variable amounts of protein

64
Q

what ions is the ICF high in?

A

high in K+ and Mg2+

65
Q

what ions is the ECF high in?

A

Na+ and Cl-

66
Q

identifiy the following solution

9g NaCl + 1L H20

A

physiological saline

67
Q 
identifiy the following solution
8.6g NaCl
0.3g KCl
0.3g CaCl2
1L H20
A

Ringer’s solution

68
Q 
identifiy the following solution
9g NaCl
0.4g KCl
0.2g CaCl2
0.2g MgCl2
0.5g NaHCO3
0.5g dextrose
1L H20
A

locke-ringer solution

69
Q

what is molarity?

A

weight in grams/ molecular wight/1L of H20

70
Q

what is an equivalent

A

Molarity of an ion x valency

71
Q

amount mass of solute a solution contains?

A

often given as a %

g/dL or (100 ml)

72
Q

what is avogadro’s number?

A

it is a constant number of molecules (6x10^23).

this is the number of molecules present in 1M solution

73
Q

what is molality (m)?

A

of moles of solute dissolved in 1kg of solvent

74
Q

what is Molarity (M)

A

amount of solute in a specific amount of solution

75
Q

what is molality?

A

amount of solute dissolved in a specific amount of solvent

76
Q

what does the viability of a cell depend on?

A

the relative constancy of the milieu interieur

77
Q

what does the viability of the cell require?

A

it requires exchanges between the internal and external environemnt

78
Q

the cell membrane acts as a barrier to which compartments?

A

barrier between ICF and ECF

79
Q

the capillary wall acts as a barrier between which compartments?

A

it acts as a barrier between ECF and plasma membrane between plasma membrane and external environment.

PHGY209 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions