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Body Fluids Flashcards

1
Q

what is the milieu interieur comprised of?

A

its comprised of the various body fluids.

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2
Q

what are some important aspects of body fluids?

A
  • volume
  • distribution
  • characteristics
  • functions
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3
Q

what is the most abundant body fluid in the body.

what % of the body does it occupy?

A

H20

it occupies between 45-75% of the body volume

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4
Q

what occurs in body water?

A
  • solutes are dissolved

- metabolic reactions take place

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5
Q

what are some other functions of body water?

A
  • mositen tissues
  • protects organs and tissues
  • carries nutrients and o2 to cells
  • helps in flushingwaste products
  • lubricates joints
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6
Q

what is the most significant factor that accounts for variations in body water % in individuals?

A

fat content will cause for body water % to vary between individuals

a person with a higher BF% will tend to have a lower H20%

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7
Q

how can we adjust and calculate to see that in reality, the % of H20 difference isn’t so significant?

A

if we compute it relative to LBM we see that the variations are in reality extremely small.

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8
Q

what % of the skin is H20?

A

70%

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9
Q

what % of the muscles is H20?

A

75%

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10
Q

what % of the heart, liver, kidney and brain is H20?

A

70-80%

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11
Q

what % of the bones is H20?

A

25%

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12
Q

what % of the skin is H20?

A

10%

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13
Q

when using a physiological Reference Individual what must adjustments be done for?

A
  • age
  • gender
  • weight
  • ethnic origin
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14
Q

how the body water vary with age

A

body water constant decreases with age

newborn: 75%
adult: 50-60%
elderly: 45-50%

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15
Q

how does body water vary between gender?

A

male tend to have a higher % than females. however, as newborns gender is not a factor

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16
Q

is % Body Water significant when administering medication that is water soluble?

A

yes, day you administer a 100mg medication to a male and to a female, the overall volume of water they have in the body differs greatly (around 12L) hence the overall concentration of the medication in the system of the female will be much greater than that of the male. hence why dosage must be controlled between individuals

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17
Q

what state is body water found in the body.

A

body water is in a constant dynamic state, hence meaning exchanges and movement can constantly be done.

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18
Q

when talking about water balance, generally speaking, how much fluids do we generally intake?

A
  • oral fluids: 1.2L
  • Oral intake as food: 1.1L
  • Oxidative H20 from metabolism: 0.4L
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19
Q

what are insensible losses?

A

they are losses of fluid, that occur without you noticing it and they occur constantly, such as loss of H20 from lungs and skin

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20
Q

what composes the obligatory loses of fluids and how much?

A
  • lungs: 0.4L
  • skin: 0.5L
  • kidney’s (stools): 0.5L
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21
Q

what are the facultative loses and what determines their amount?

A

the facultative loses are the loses accomplished mostly through urine loses, and they depend on the total amount of fluids intake, they ensure to reach a water balance.

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22
Q

what is the main difference between insensible perspiration and sweating.

A

insensible perspiration evaporates pure water as opposed to the electrolyte solution lost through sweating
insensible perspiration is a passive process of evaporation and is relative to ambient temperature and humidity where as sweating is an active secretion.
moreover insensible perspiration occurs across the entire skin surface and even in people lacking sweat glands (location where sweating occurs)
lastly insensible perspiration is continuous where as sweating is activated by high heat of heavy work

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23
Q

what is the general H20 turnover in adults?

A

3-4% bodyweigth in 24H

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24
Q

what is the general H20 turnover in infants?

A

10% bodyweight in 24H

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25
what does the constancy of by water volume help maintain?
-normal solute concentrations -normal blood volume and pressure these two combined allow for adequate supply of 02 to tissues
26
what factors may lead to a negative water balance?
- reduced intake - excessive loss from gut (diarrhea) - excessive sweating (long workouts, marathon’s etc) - excessive loss of expired air (occurs in dy air at high altitudes) - excessive urine loss (diabetes)
27
what is water intoxication
the consumption or presence of too much water in the body
28
what factors may lead to water intoxication?
- excessive intake | - renal system failure
29
what are body water compartments?
- Intracellular fluids | - extracellular fluids
30
how do the body water compartments vary?
they vary in size, composition and function
31
are compartments and sub compartments rigidly isolated chambers?
no, they interact in a dynamic fashion, with constant water exchanges
32
what fraction do each compartment occupy? | what is the % of total body water?
total % of H20: 60% of body mass ICF: 2/3 of 60% = 40% of body mass ECF: 1/3 of 60%= 20% of body mass
33
how is the ECF compartment subdivided?
it contains 2 Major compartments and 2 minor subcompartments
34
the plasma and ISF are part of which subcompartment?
major
35
lymph and transcellular fluid are part of what subcompartment?
minor
36
what is plasma?
its the fluid medium in which Blood cells are suspended.
37
how can the different blood components be separated?
though centrifugation
38
what is Hematocrit (Ht)
its the % of blood volume that is occupied by the RBC
39
how is the Ht generally calculated
height of erythrocyte colulmn (RBC)/heigh of the whole blood colulmn
40
what is the normal Ht value?
around 45%
41
what is the unit for Ht?
Packed Cell Volume (PVC
42
what % does the ISF occupy?
15% (3/4 of the ECF)
43
what % is occupied by the plasma?
5% (1/4 of the ECF)
44
what is the interstitial fluid?
its the fluid that percolates between the cells (its the true milieu interieur)
45
what does the ISF pass through to get to other cells?
it passes through the capillaries. it a one way system to allow to take fluids back into the blood stream
46
they lymphatic system, how does it function? what compartment is it found in? what % does it occupy?
its a network of blind-eneded terminal tibles that coalesce to form larger vessels and then large lymphatic ducts which will ultimately drain into the large veins of the chest. its found in the minor compartment of the ECF and occupies 1-2% of that compartment.
47
what is transcellular fluid?
it aggregates of small fluid volumes that specific cells secrete in body cavities that are lined by epithelial cells and all have specialized functions.
48
what volume of the ECF is occupied by the transcellular fluid?
<1-2% of ECF
49
Does transcellular fluid contribute to water exchanges and does it affect body fluid balance?
no
50
what does transcellular fluid play an important role in?
locally its important for function.
51
what is important to be retained about body fluids?
1. total volume remains CONSTANT 2. distribution between compartments is kept CONSTANT 3. compartments are in DYNAMIC equilibrium
52
what is the indicator dilution method used for?
Determining the volume of compartments indirectly.
53
what is the formula used for Indictor dilution method | what are the variables
V=Q/c V= volume Q=known quantity of indicator into veins c= concentration in unit volume of plasma (g/ml)
54
what must one know to calculate volume through IDM?
- total quantity of test substance introduced | - concentration of the substance/unit volume of fluid AFTER DISPERSION
55
how to proceed with IDM
1. introduce know quantity of indicator into vein 2. allow to equilibrate 3. remove known volume of blood & centrifuge 4. measure concentration in unit volume of plasma 5/ calculate V=Q/c
56
what factors must be considered when choosing an indicator?
- needs to be non toxic - readily diffuses through out membrane compartment - doesn't cause changes in water distribution between the compartments - easily measurable
57
what can be used to measure total body water?
Antipyrine D2O T2O
58
what indicator should be used to measure total ECF volume? why?
inulin sucrose mannitol because radioactive sugars will pass through the capillary wall but not the cell membrane which separates the ICF from the ECF
59
what indicator can be used to measure ICF?
no indicator is used, must find total body volume-ECF= ICF
60
what indicator is used to measure plasma volume and why?
Evan’s blue is used as it does not cross the capillary wall allowing to isolate the plasma membrane from ISF.
61
how is ISF volume calculated?
take ECF volume-Plasma volume since their isn’t an indicator that can readily determine the ISF volume.
62
what must be done with Evan’s blue in clinical situations
we must correct the amount for for any amount aht has been removed through metabolism and excretion during the time we allowed for mixing.
63
genrally speaking what is a body fluid?
it is essentially and queous solution of inorganic ions with variable amounts of protein
64
what ions is the ICF high in?
high in K+ and Mg2+
65
what ions is the ECF high in?
Na+ and Cl-
66
identifiy the following solution | 9g NaCl + 1L H20
physiological saline
67
``` identifiy the following solution 8.6g NaCl 0.3g KCl 0.3g CaCl2 1L H20 ```
Ringer’s solution
68
``` identifiy the following solution 9g NaCl 0.4g KCl 0.2g CaCl2 0.2g MgCl2 0.5g NaHCO3 0.5g dextrose 1L H20 ```
locke-ringer solution
69
what is molarity?
weight in grams/ molecular wight/1L of H20
70
what is an equivalent
Molarity of an ion x valency
71
amount mass of solute a solution contains?
often given as a % | g/dL or (100 ml)
72
what is avogadro’s number?
it is a constant number of molecules (6x10^23). | this is the number of molecules present in 1M solution
73
what is molality (m)?
of moles of solute dissolved in 1kg of solvent
74
what is Molarity (M)
amount of solute in a specific amount of solution
75
what is molality?
amount of solute dissolved in a specific amount of solvent
76
what does the viability of a cell depend on?
the relative constancy of the milieu interieur
77
what does the viability of the cell require?
it requires exchanges between the internal and external environemnt
78
the cell membrane acts as a barrier to which compartments?
barrier between ICF and ECF
79
the capillary wall acts as a barrier between which compartments?
it acts as a barrier between ECF and plasma membrane between plasma membrane and external environment.

PHGY209 (6 decks)

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