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Human Biology > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

antibodies deal with antigens by:

A
  1. combine with bacterial/viral toxins/enzymes that inhibit them
  2. bind to viruses to prevent cell entry
  3. coat bacteria for easy phagocytosis
  4. cause agglutination of foreign particles
  5. make substances insoluble to phagocytose
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2
Q

passive immunity

A

immunity produced by the introduction of antibodies from another person. (breast milk,natural) or (tetanus shot, artificial)
do not undergo an immune response

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3
Q

active immunity

A

immunity produced by the body.
manufacturing antibodies against a foreign antigen.
contracted disease and undergoing an immune response
(chicken pox, natural) (vaccinated, artificial)

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4
Q

natural immunity

A

occurs without human interaction.

no injections

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5
Q

artificial immunity

A

giving people an antigen or antibody (human intervention)

needles

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6
Q

attenuated

A

micro-organisms that have been reduced in virulence so the body has the ability to reduce disease symptoms

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7
Q

pathogen

A

disease causing organism

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8
Q

non-specific defences

A

work against all pathogens

fever, inflammatory response, phagocytosis

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9
Q

specific defences

A

provide protection against a specific micro-organism
B and T cells
Humoral response, cell mediated response

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10
Q

antibodies

A

Protein substance which circulate around the body and attack invading agents

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11
Q

B Cell

A

involved in Humoral response
produced in bone marrow and matured in bone marrow
develop into plasma cells which secrete antibodies and also into memory cells

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12
Q

T Cell

A

involved in cell mediated response
produced in bone marrow and matured in thymus
develop into Killer T cells, Helper T cells, Suppressor T cells and Memory T cells

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13
Q

Killer T Cell

A

migrate to a place where large numbers of antigens are present. Attach to antigen and destroy it

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14
Q

Helper T Cell

A

secrete substances that 1. sensitises more lymphocytes 2. attract more macrophages 3. enhance macrophage activity

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15
Q

Suppressor T Cell

A

release substances that inhibit B and T cells after infection is over

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16
Q

Memory T Cell

A

respond to antigen previously exposed to the body faster and antibodies in larger quantities.
stored in lymphoid tissues around the body

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17
Q

Antigen

A

Any substance capable of causing a specific immune response

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18
Q

Plasma Cell

A

secrete specific antibodies capable of attaching to the active site of an antigen

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19
Q

Inflammatory Response

A
  1. damage occurs, mast cells release histamine and heparin that attract phagocytes into intercellular fluid
  2. histamine increases blood flow and increase capillary permeability
  3. heat, redness and swelling
  4. heparin prevents clotting to allow WBC to get to the area
  5. phagocytes move in to clear debris
  6. pain receptors stimulated
20
Q

Fever

A

elevation of body temperature. inhibits the growth of some bacteria and viruses. can become dangerous to the body if temperatures get to 44-45.

21
Q

Transmission of Pathogens

A
  1. direct or non-direct contact
  2. transfer of body fluids
  3. droplets (sneeze)
  4. ingestion
  5. airborne
  6. transmission by vectors
22
Q

Humoral Response

A

antibodies are specialised proteins (group: immunoglobulins)

23
Q

Antigen- Antibody Complex

A

antibody attaches to a specific antigen which destructs the antigen.

24
Q

Humoral Response Steps

A
  1. B cells in lymphoid tissue
  2. one type of B cell is sensitised, then enlarges and divides
  3. clones of B cells are formed
  4. most B cells become plasma and secrete antibodies and some B cells become memory cells
  5. antibodies combine with antigens to form antigen-antibody complexes
25
Q

Cell Mediated Immunity Steps

A

location: intracellular fluid. targets bacterial and viral infections and cancer cells
1. B cell presents an antigen to a T cell
2. One type of T cell is sensitised, enlarges and divides
3. clones of T cell are formed
4. most T cells become Killer T cells which migrate to the place where large numbers of antigens are present. They attach to antigens and destroy them. Some become helper T cells which secrete substances that; sensitises more lymphocytes, attracts more macrophages and enhances phagocytosis
4a. some T cells become memory T Cells and some become Suppressor T cells which secrete substances that inhibit B and T cell activity after infection is over

26
Q

Antibiotics

A

Used to fight infections of micro-organisms.

They work by blocking translation during protein synthesis of bacteria

27
Q

Bactericidal

A

kills bacteria by changes or damaging the structure of their cell wall, allowing contents to leak out

28
Q

Bacteriostatic

A

Stop bacteria from reproducing by blocking protein synthesis

29
Q

Antivirals

A

treat viral infections only.
inhibit action of viral pathogens
target viral specific proteins and disable them or work by inhibiting the life cycle of the virus
enhance the body’s immune system to attack the virus

30
Q

components of the immune system

A

lymph nodes, lymph vessels, lymphoid tissues and many leucocytes.
carries our specific and non-specific immune responses

31
Q

self-antigen

A

materials recognised by the immune system as NOT belonging to the organism. stimulates an immune response

32
Q

vaccine

A

artificial introduction of antigens into the body so the body has the ability to produce the appropriate antibodies without having to suffer the disease.
injection, oral, nasal spray

33
Q

Herd Immunity

A

high proportion of population is immune to disease and they can protect vulnerbable others

34
Q

non-self antigen

A

foreign compounds that trigger an immune response as it is not recognised by the immune system

35
Q

First Line of Defence`

A

prevent entry into the human body and prevent reproduction

  1. skin- tough impervious barrier
  2. mucous membrane produce mucous which traps pathogens and debris
  3. hairs and cilia trap microbes
  4. gastric juice and vaginal secretions which can inhibit/ destroy microbes
  5. tears, sweat and saliva contain antibacterial properties
  6. cerumen (earwax) traps microbes and debris
  7. lysozyme kills bacteria in tears, sweat and nose secretions
36
Q

Immune system

A

consists of lymph nodes, lymph vessels, lymphoid tissue and different leucocytes.

37
Q

Lymphatic System

A

drains intercellular fluid back to the heart

38
Q

Lymphocytes

A

WBC, involved in both specific and non-specific defence.

produced in bone marrow and some lymphoid tissue and circulate around the body

39
Q

Macrophages

A

WBC, involved in both specific and non-specific defence.

large cells capable of carrying out phagocytosis

40
Q

Vector

A

an agent (mozzie) capable of transferring a disease from one person to another.

41
Q

Contagious

A

disease passed on by direct contact

42
Q

Bacteria- Pathogen

A

Consists of a single cell, slime wall, DNA, cell membrane, flagella, cytoplasm and a capsule
Types: cocci, bacilli, spirilla, vibrio
Diseases Caused: chlamydia, whooping cough, gonorrhoea, dental cavities

43
Q

Viruses- Pathogen

A

Consists DNA or RNA (never both). This is surrounded by a coat of protein.
Diseases Caused: HIV, chicken pox, ebola

44
Q

Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics

A

work on a wide range of bacteria

45
Q

Narrow-Spectrum Antibiotics

A

work on specific types of bacteria

Human Biology (11 decks)

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