Immune responses to Infections

Question 1

Exp of extracellular bacteria & diseases they cause

fill the blanks given below

1)anthrax
2)lyme disease
3)botulism
4)tetanus
5)diptheria
6)hemorrhagic colitis
7)ulcers
8)bacterial meningitis
9)gonorrhea
10)food poisoning, toxic shock
11)strep throat, flesh-eating disease
12)pheumonia,otitis media
13)syphilis
14)cholera
15)severe diarrhea

Answer 1

1-a
2-b
3-c
4-d
5-e
6-f
7-g
8-h
9-j
10-k
11-l
12-m
13-n
14-o
15-p

Question 2

____are products of bacterial cell walls
____are actively secreated toxins

Answer 2

endotoxin
exotoxin

Question 3

Exotoxins:specs

__toxic
interfere w/ cell function w/o____
induce____production

Answer 3

cytotoxic
death
cytokine

Question 4

ımmunity to extracellular bacteria:Innate immunity

____activation
____cytosis
_____response

Answer 4

complement
phagocytosis
Inflammatory

Question 5

Immunity to extracellular bacteria:adaptive

____response(ab production)
__cells

Answer 5

humoral
Th

Question 6

Innate immunity to extracellular bacteria:complement pathways

3 types exist
lysis by____
_____phagocytosis

Answer 6

classical
alternative
lectin pathway
MAC
opsonized phagocytosis

Question 7

complement ways:specs

classical has___complex
alternative has gr+______,gr-_____
lectin has_____

Answer 7

antigen-antibody
peptodoglycan, LPS
mannose

Question 8

macrophages___cells and waits for_____
If macrophage recognizes cell process cannot be stopped

Answer 8

engulf
activation

Question 9

macrophage activation

1)macrophage bacterial constituent receptors initiate release of____and small____mediators of inflammation
2)macrophage engulf and digest bacteria which they bind

Answer 9

cytokines
lipid mediators

Question 10

macrophages activated by___cells via IFN___

Answer 10

natural killer
IFN gamma

Question 11

macrophage activation

Activated macrophage upragulate MHC class___for antigen presentation

Answer 11

class II

Question 12

macrophage activation

hyperactivated macrophage
direct signal from____
grow larger,increase phago___
secrete____factor

Answer 12

signal from invader
increase phagocytosis
Tumor necrosis factor

Question 13

Antibody functions

neutralization
______and___receptor mediated phagocytosis
phagocytosis of__coated bacteria
Inflammation
lysis of microbe

Answer 13

opsonization & Fc receptor
C3b-coated bacteria

opsonization increase affinity of antibodies to bind pathogens

Question 14

B cell activation via___&___antigen

Answer 14

Ti & Td

Td>bacterial protein
Ti>bacterial polysaccharide

Question 15

What happens after activation of B cells via Ti ag?

Answer 15

Plasma cell gets stimulated
IgM synthesis begins

Question 16

B cell activation

after Td cell activation
cytokines from___cells helps plasma cell to produce Ig__&___

Answer 16

Th2 cells
IgM&G

Question 17

IgM>to____
IgG>to____system

Answer 17

M to tissues
G to vascular system

Question 18

CD___&_____induce B cell to proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells w/o specific antibody

Answer 18

CD40L & cytokines

Question 19

neutralizing antibodies physically prevent bacteria from attaching to____cell surfaces

Answer 19

host cell surfaces

Question 20

____are antibodies made aganist bacterial exotoxins

Answer 20

antitoxins

Question 21

antibodies can also serve as opsonins which is ?

Answer 21

coats bacteria or pathogens & marks them for immune cells fot destruction

Question 22

CD4+ Th cells

secrete____,____&other cytokines which causes inflammation

Answer 22

IL-17
TNF

Question 23

endotoxic shock

exposure to large ammounts of LPS induces activated macrophages to produce massive amounts of_____factor

Answer 23

tumor necrosis factor

Question 24

endotoxic shock

high con of TNF stimulate active macrophages to over produce____

Answer 24

IL-1

Question 25

endotoxic shock

IL-1 amplifies LPS-induced production of IL___&___

Answer 25

IL-6, 8

Question 26

evasion strategies of extracellular bacteria:avoiding antibodies

alter expression of____molecules
secrete_____proteases

Answer 26

surface
anti-Ig proteases

Question 27

evasion strategies of extracellular bacteria:avoiding phagocytosis

block binding of phagocyte receptors to bacterial___
hide temporarily in_____
Inject bacterial protein thah distrups____function

Answer 27

bacterial capsule
non-phagocytes
phagocyte function

Question 28

evasion strategies of extracellular bacteria:avoiding complement

Prevent___binding by lack of suitable surface protein,___degradation
prevent___formation
Inactivate various steps of_____cascade
Induce host production of____isotypes that are poor complement-fixers

Answer 28

C3b degradation
MAC formation
complement cascade
antibody isotypes