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CV Perf Tech II > Immune Response & Inflammation (Part 1)- Exam 3 > Flashcards

Immune Response & Inflammation (Part 1)- Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the immune system?

A

System that protects individual against invasion by microorganisms

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2
Q

What is important about immunity in regards to normal body tissue?

A

Must recognize and destroy invaders, BUT do no damage to normal body tissue

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3
Q

How does the immune system destroy invaders?

A

Destruction by phagocytosis and/or membrane lysis

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4
Q

Where does destruction of the foreign invader occur?

A

Takes place at the point of infection; must have ability to activate and move all components to the site

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5
Q

How does the immune system move all components to the site of infection?

A

Vascular system, lymphatic system, interstitial fluid

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6
Q

Who are the major players in the immune response?

A

WBCs, Antibody, Complement System (variety of chemical mediators)

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7
Q

Antigen

A

Anything foreign that enters the body; can bind to antibody and/or can bind to receptors on the T or B cells

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8
Q

Target Cells

A

antigenic cells that will be destroyed by immune system

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9
Q

Immunogen

A

any substance that can stimulate an immune response; all are antigenic (can bind with antibody); not all antigens are immunogens

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10
Q

Are all immunogens antigenic (can bind with antibody)?

A

Yes

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11
Q

Are all antigens also immunogens?

A

No

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12
Q

Pathogen

A

antigen with ability to cause disease; usually microorganism or toxin

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13
Q

What are 4 different types of antigens?

A

Microorganisms
Allogenic cells
Malignant cells
Infected cells

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14
Q

What are some examples of microorganism antigens?

A

Bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi, yeasts

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15
Q

What are allogenic cells?

A

Cells from genetically dissimilar individual

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16
Q

Describe infected cells.

A

Cells inhabited by viruses, certain bacteria, parasites

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17
Q

How many circulating WBCs does the average adult have?

A

75 billion

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18
Q

What is the normal WBC count?

A

5,000 - 10,000 per mL

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19
Q

What percent of total leukocytes are neutrophils?

A

40-75% of total

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20
Q

What are the first leukocytes to destroy invaders?

A

Neutrophils

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21
Q

What percent of total WBC count are lymphocytes?

A

20-45 % of total

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22
Q

What are two examples of lymphocytes?

A

T cells/ B cells

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23
Q

What percent of total WBC count are monocytes?

A

Up to 8%

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24
Q

What percent of total WBC count are eosinophils?

A

1 - 6 %

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25
Q

What percent of total WBC count are basophils?

A

Up to 1%

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26
Q

What types of leukocytes are most numbers? What are they named after?

A

Granulocytes; names for granules in the cytoplasm

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27
Q

What are three examples of granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils

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28
Q

What do monocytes become in the body tissues?

A

Macrophages

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29
Q

What are large white cells?

A

Monocytes

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30
Q

What do lymphocytes differentiate into?

A

B and T Cells

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31
Q

Where are neutrophils made?

A

Hematopoietic marrow

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32
Q

What is the life span of a neutrophil?

A

hours to days

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33
Q

What percent of neutrophils circulate?

A

50%

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34
Q

What percent of neutrophils adhere to blood vessel wall?

A

50%

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35
Q

What happens to neutrophils during inflammation?

A

Blood vessels are leaky; neutrophils slip into interstitial space

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36
Q

What is margination?

A

accumulation and adhesion of leukocytes to the epithelial cells of blood vessel walls at the site of injury in the early stages of inflammation

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37
Q

Describe the neutrophils that adhere to the blood vessel wall.

A

Margination

Ready to move into tissues

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38
Q

What is the function of neutrophils?

A

Phagocytosis

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39
Q

How many neutrophils do we produce per day?

A

100 billion per day

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40
Q

What is the diameter of a neutrophils?

A

10-15 microns

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41
Q

What are the first cells to enter infected areas?

A

Neutrophils

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42
Q

What attracts neutrophils to the infected areas?

A

Chemotaxis

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43
Q

Once the neutrophil is attracted to the infected area, what happens?

A

Phagocytize invading organism
They die at the site
Phagocytized by macrophages

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44
Q

What attracts macrophages to the phagocytized neutrophil/invader complex?

A

Chemotaxis, but slow to respond because they’re bigger. “Clean up crew”

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45
Q

Where do eosinophils develop and mature?

A

Hematopoietic marrow

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46
Q

Where do eosinophils appear?

A

Where foreign protein and parasites are

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47
Q

What are eosinophils primarily responsible for?

A

Destruction of parasites

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48
Q

What cells are involved in allergic reactions?

A

Eosinophils

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49
Q

What do eosinophils have binding sites for?

A

Specific antibodies; complement proteins

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50
Q

Eosinophils are designed to destroy cells coated with which antibodies?

A

IgG antibodies, IgE antibodies, and complement proteins

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51
Q

Where do eosinophils reside in the body?

A

Reside in tissues: skin, bronchi, bronchioles

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52
Q

What do eosinophils release?

A

Antitoxin (major basic protein); to destroy organisms

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53
Q

What type of cell is very effective against parasitic worms?

A

Eosinophils

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54
Q

What is the lifespan of an eosinophil?

A

12-24 hours

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55
Q

What is the least common granulocyte?

A

Basophil

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56
Q

What type of activity do basophils have?

A

Chemotaxis and phagocytic activity

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57
Q

What is the main function of basophils?

A

Release of heparin in areas of foreign invasion to prevent blood clots from forming

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58
Q

What cell releases heparin?

A

Basophils

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59
Q

Why would blood clots be bad in areas of foreign invasion?

A

Blood can’t circulation
WBC cannot get to foreign organism to destroy
Would result in tissue necrosis

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60
Q

What granulocytes release histamine?

A

Basophils

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61
Q

What does the release of histamine cause?

A

Blood vessel dilation

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62
Q

Where are basophils found in the body?

A

Circulate in the blood

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63
Q

What antibody do basophils have receptors for?

A

IgE

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64
Q

What cells are basophils similar to?

A

Mast cells

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65
Q

What do mast cells contain?

A

Histamine granules

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66
Q

What antibody to mast cells have surface receptors for?

A

IgE

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67
Q

Do mast cells circulate in the body?

A

No, they do not circulate

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68
Q

Where are monocytes/macrophages produced?

A

Bone marrow

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69
Q

Where are monocytes found in the body?

A

They circulate immature (monocytes)

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70
Q

Where do monocytes mature into macrophages?

A

When they leave blood and travel to the tissues

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71
Q

How are macrophages different from monocytes?

A

Macrophages are mature monocytes.

They are actively phagocytic

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72
Q

Where are macrophages concentrated?

A

Liver sinusoids, spleen, lungs (think of areas where you need a lot of phagocytosis)

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73
Q

What is the diameter of macrophages?

A

12-20 micrometers

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74
Q

How long are monocytes in the blood?

A

1-2 days

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75
Q

How long are macrophages in the tissues?

A

Months to years

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76
Q

What cells are responsible for specific immune response when antigens invade?

A

Lymphocytes

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77
Q

When are lymphocytes activated?

A

When they recognize foreign matter

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78
Q

Where are lymphocytes found?

A

Circulating in the blood

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79
Q

Where do lymphocytes wait for antigens to appear?

A

Lymph nodes

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80
Q

What cells play a role in rejection of organ transplants?

A

Lymphocytes

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81
Q

Where do T-lymphocytes (T-cells) mature?

A

Thymus

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82
Q

What do T-cells “learn” in the thymus?

A

learn to recognize self; attack self tissues

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83
Q

What do membrane receptors on T-cells bind?

A

Protein antigens; need to recognize certain fragments of protein antigens

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84
Q

What is an example of an “antigen presenting cell”?

A

Macrophage

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85
Q

What do antigen presenting cells do?

A

Digest and display a peptide fragment on cell surface that T-cells can recognize

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86
Q

What happens once T-cells recognize the foreign invader?

A

It binds the antigen; releases cytokines

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87
Q

What’s another name for cytokines?

A

Interleukens

88
Q

What are the 4 different types of T-cells?

A

Helper T-cells
Cytotoxic T cells
Suppressor T cells
Memory T cells

89
Q

What are the protein molecules of antibodies?

A

Immunoglobulins

90
Q

What are antibodies produced by? In response to what?

A

B lymphocyte cells (plasma cells); in response to a specific antigen

91
Q

After initial exposure to an antigen, how long does it take for antibodies to reach full power? (aka lag time)

A

14 days

92
Q

Where are antibodies always present in small amounts?

A

Blood and body tissues

93
Q

What are the five classes of antibodies?

A 
IgG
IgM
IgD
IgA
IgE
94
Q

What must antibodies bind with to be effective?

A

Outer surface of the antigen; antigen binding site unique

95
Q

Can antibodies cross cell membranes?

A

No

96
Q

What are the functions of antibodies?

A 
Opsonize antigen (mark antigen for destruction)
Activate complement cascade
97
Q

The surface of what cells trigger production of antibodies?

A

B cells

98
Q

What do T cells do?

A

Help B cells make antibodies; control immune response; release cytokines and chemical mediators

99
Q

What 4 regions do all antibodies generally have?

A

Antigen-binding site
Light chains (Variable region)
Heavy chains
Transmembrane region

100
Q

What do the immunoglobulins do?

A

Help B- Cell communicate with the interior of the cell; help bring the signal in

101
Q

What do B-cells give rise to after an encounter with an antigen?

A

Antibody-secreting plasma cells

102
Q

During development, progenitor cells give rise to what?

A

Large numbers of lymphocytes each with a different specificity

103
Q

What happens with small lymphocytes one they are activated by a pathogen?

A

Proliferation and differentiation of pathogen-activated lymphocytes to form a clone of effector cells

104
Q

What is the coating of antigen with antibody and complement called?

A

Opsonization

105
Q

What is the purpose of opsonization?

A

Provides targeting mechanism for the phagocytic neutrophils and macrophages allowing them to bind, engulf, and destroy the antigen

106
Q

What process provides points where phagocytes can attach to the antigen?

A

Opsonization

107
Q

What are the two specific receptors on the membrane surface of phagocytic cells?

A

Fc receptor

C3 receptor

108
Q

What does the Fc receptor do?

A

Binds with an antibody; it is a specific receptor on the membrane surface of phagocytic cells

109
Q

What does the C3 receptor do?

A

Binds with complement; it is a specific receptor on the membrane surface of phagocytic cells

110
Q

What is the general process for antigen destruction mediate by antibody?

A

Opsonization
Lysis
Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
Neutralization

111
Q

How does lysis occur?

A

Complement activation leads to the production of the membrane attach complex (MAC)
The MAC will lyse the antigens membrane

112
Q

How does antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity occur?

A

Cell destruction carried out by natural killer cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and eosinophils of target cells opsonized by antibody

113
Q

What is neutralization?

A

Antibody renders the antigen toxins harmless

114
Q

What two antibody classes do most antibodies fall into?

A

IgG or IgM

115
Q

What is antibody class determined by?

A

Amino acid arrangement in heavy and light chains (same arrangement in specific area of chain)

116
Q

What is the first antibody produced against an antigen by the B cells/plasma cells?

A

IgM

117
Q

What do increased levels of IgM indicate?

A

New infection

118
Q

What is the first antibody produced by the fetus?

A

IgM

119
Q

What do increased levels of IgM indicate in a newborn?

A

Infection

120
Q

What percent of circulating antibodies are IgM?

A

10-15%

121
Q

Where are IgM found in the body?

A

Remain in the vascular system; very large

122
Q

What is the main function of IgM?

A

Activate the complement system

123
Q

What can IgM antibodies cause?

A

Antigen agglutination (platelets; cold agglutinins)

124
Q

What type of antibodies are Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies? (Blood type)

A

IgM

125
Q

What is the second class of antibody to be released?

A

IgD; not much is known about this class

126
Q

Where are IgD antibodies found?

A

Found in small amounts in serum and body fluids

127
Q

What effect do IgD antibodies have on the antigen?

A

Has little immunologic effect

128
Q

What may IgD antibodies assist with?

A

Maturation of B cells into plasma cells; but not sure how

129
Q

What is the third class of antibodies to be released?

A

IgE

130
Q

Where are IgE antibodies found?

A

Very low concentrations in the plasma

131
Q

When do IgE antibody levels increase?

A

Allergic reactions and parasitic infections

132
Q

What is the causative agent for asthma, hay fever, and other allergic reactions?

A

IgE antibodies

133
Q

What do IgE antibodies bind with?

A

Basophils and mast cells stimulating them to release histamine

134
Q

What antibody is involved with anaphylactic reactions?

A

IgE

135
Q

What is the fourth class of antibodies to be released?

A

IgG

136
Q

What is the most important and most potent class of antibodies to be released?

A

IgG antibodies

137
Q

What percent of antibodies are IgG?

A

80% of antibody in the immune system

138
Q

When are IgG antibodies produced in greatest amounts?

A

Upon second exposure to the antigen

139
Q

What is the only antibody that can cross the placenta? What is its function?

A

IgG; provides immunologic protection for fetus

140
Q

What type of antibody is Rh? What is the significance of this?

A

IgG, crosses the placenta, can result in hemolytic disease of the newborn

141
Q

What is hemolytic disease of the newborn?

A

Disease where mother’s body attacks baby via IgG antibodies; second exposure when mother is Rh- and baby is Rh+

142
Q

What are IgG antibodies very effective at?

A

Binding and destroying antigens

143
Q

What are the four subgroups of IgG antibodies?

A

IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4

144
Q

What does IgG1 do?

A

Protects body form (most) bacteria

145
Q

What does IgG2 do?

A

attacks and destroys organisms encase in a saccharide coat (i.e. rest of bacteria)

146
Q

What does IgG3 do?

A

Activates complement proteins, enhances phagocytosis of antigen

147
Q

What does IgG4 do?

A

produce potent vasodilators, protects bronchioles

148
Q

What is the major antibody in the body fluids and mucous secreted by the mucous membranes?

A

IgA antibodies

149
Q

Where are IgA antibodies found?

A

Tears, breast milk, bronchiole secretions, saliva

150
Q

What is the effect of IgA antibodies binding with antigen?

A

Immobilizes it; allows mucin to remove antigen-antibody complex

151
Q

Mucin

A

main ingredient of the mucous

152
Q

Can IgA antibodies activate the complement system?

A

No.

153
Q

What can IgA antibodies trigger?

A

Cell-mediated immune reactions

154
Q

What is the heaviest antibody?

A

IgM

155
Q

Which antibodies have the longest half-life in serum?

A

IgG1, IgG2, IgG4 (not IgG3)

156
Q

Which antibody has the shortest half-life?

A

IgE

157
Q

Which antibodies have the greatest effect in opsonization?

A

IgG1 antibodies

158
Q

Which antibodies have the greatest effect in sensitization of mast cells?

A

IgE antibodies

159
Q

Which antibodies have the greatest activation of hte complement system?

A

IgM, IgG3

160
Q

Which antibodies have the greatest transport across the epithelium?

A

IgA

161
Q

Which antibodies have the greatest transport across the placenta?

A

IgG1, secondary: IgG3

162
Q

Which antibodies have the greatest diffusion into extravascular sites?

A

All the IgG’s

163
Q

What are the two categories of immunity?

A

Innate

Adaptive

164
Q

What is the innate immunity?

A

Inborn/natural

First line of defense- always present; able to respond quickly

165
Q

What are the components of innate immunity?

A

Epithelial barriers, phagocytes, complemetn, natural killer cells

166
Q

How does the innate immunity detect an antigen?

A

General recognition mechanisms; recognizes microorganisms, limited number of recognition proteins available

167
Q

Does innate immunity produce long term immunity to an antigen?

A

No

168
Q

Innate immune system response results in what?

A

Inflammation

169
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A

Responds to specific antigen; can be non-microbial

170
Q

How many recognition proteins does adapative immunity have?

A

Millions

171
Q

When does adaptive immunity develop?

A

After exposure to antigen; slow response; very powerful response

172
Q

What are the major players of adaptive immunity?

A

Lymphocytes: T and B cells

173
Q

What are the characteristics of adaptive immunity?

A 
Specificity
Diversity
Memory
Self-regulation
Self-tolerance
174
Q

What is specificity?

A

Immune reaction specific for offending antigen

175
Q

What is diversity?

A

Lymphocytes can response to millions of antigens

176
Q

What is memory in regard to adaptive immunity?

A

Lymphocytes can remember any antigen previously encountered

177
Q

What is self-regulation?

A

Lymphocytes can shut down activity after antigen is destroyed

178
Q

What is self-tolerance?

A

Lymphocytes can distinguish self-tissue from non self tissue

179
Q

What are the recognition mechanisms for innate immunity?

A

Rapid response (hours)
INvariant
Limited number of specificites
Constant during response

180
Q

What are the recognition mechanisms for adaptive immunity?

A

Slow response (days to weeks)
Variable
Numerous highly selective specificities
Improve during response

181
Q

When is the immune response initiated?

A

When antigen stimulates activation of T and B cells

182
Q

What are the phases of immune response?

A 
Cognitive Phase (First phase)
Activator Phase (second phase)
Effector phase (third phase)
183
Q

What is the cognitive phase?

A

Antigen interacts with the T lymphocytes

184
Q

What is the activator phase?

A

T cells respond by releasing cytokines

Cytokines stimulate proliferation of T and B cells

185
Q

What is the effector phase?

A

Granulocytes, macrophages, complement activated

Antigen opsonized and engulfed

186
Q

What kind of response do T Lymphocytes induce?

A

direct immune response against protein antigen

187
Q

What type of cells are responsible for the type of white cells that response and how they response?

A

T lymphocytes

188
Q

What is the job of the T cell?

A

Recognize the antigen; assist phagocytosis via release of cytokines that activate other phagocytic cells; destroy malignant cells, allogenic cells nad infected cells via lysis; aids B cells/ plasma cells in antibody production; delayed hypersensitivity immune reactions; graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation, autoimmune disorders

189
Q

T cells response to antigen is called what?

A

Cell-mediated immunity

190
Q

Where are T cells produced?

A

Bone marrow

191
Q

When T cells leave the thymus, which secondary lymphatic organs do they travel to?

A

Lymph nodes
Spleen
Tonsils

192
Q

How are T cells categorized?

A

Protein molecules on cell membrane (CD8+ / CD 4+)

193
Q

MHC

A

Major Histocompatibility Complex

194
Q

Describe the intracellular antigen complex with T-cells?

A

MHC class I molecules bind to CD8

195
Q

Describe the extracellular antigen complex with T-cells?

A

MHC class II molecules bind to CD4

196
Q

What are 3 types of T cells?

A

Cytotoxic cells
Helper cells
Suppressor cells

197
Q

CD8

A

Cytotoxic T cells

198
Q

What must CD8 be converted from?

A

Inactive T cells

199
Q

What is the function of CD8 cells?

A

Destroy virally infected cells, allogenic cells (organ transplant), malignant cells. Once they activate, release lytic molecules that rupture target cells

200
Q

What is the function of CD4 cells?

A

Assist or activate other white cells; release cytokines to call other cells

201
Q

Do CD4 cells destroy the antigen directly?

A

No

202
Q

When are CD4 cells activated?

A

When presented with antigen-MHC-combination

203
Q

Where is MHC found?

A

Found on most body cells

204
Q

What types of MHC are there?

A

Class I or Class II

205
Q

What does MHC do?

A

Binds with antigen fragments

206
Q

What are the two subsets of Helper T cells (CD4)

A

TH1

TH2

207
Q

CD4

A

Helper T cells

208
Q

TH1

A

Inflammatory helper; recognizes complex of peptide antigen with MHC class II and activates macrophage; release cytokines that convert inactive T cells into cytotoxic T cells

209
Q

TH2

A

Release cytokines needed for B cell activation and antibody secretion; must be present; recognizes complex of peptide antigen with MHC class II and activates B cell

210
Q

Why are suppressor T cells activated?

A

To stop immune response once antigen has been destroyed

211
Q

What do B Lymphocytes do?

A

Produce antibody in response to antigen

Able to directly recognize carbohydrate and lipid antigens and initiate response

212
Q

What type of immunity are B lymphocytes associated with?

A

Humoral Immunity

213
Q

How are B Lymphocytes acitvated?

A

TH2 helper cells; must be activated before it can produce antibody against protein antigen

214
Q

What happens when B Lymphocytes are activated?

A

Proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells; plasma cells produce the antibodies for the specific antigen; antibody will be produced until antigen has been destroyed

215
Q

Where are dendritic cells?

A

In Skin

216
Q

What is an antigen digested into?

A

Small peptides

CV Perf Tech II (17 decks)

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