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CV Perf Tech II > Anticoagulation for CPB- Exam 1 > Flashcards

Anticoagulation for CPB- Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What year was heparin discovered and by who?

A

1916, J. McLean

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2
Q

When was heparin purified?

A

1920’s

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3
Q

When was heparin the first used as a blood anticoagulated for transfusion?

A

1924, but results in febrile reactions

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4
Q

When was heparin pure enough for IV administration?

A

12 years after it was used as an anticoagulate; 1936

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5
Q

Heparin sources

A

Bovine Lung (previous bovine liver)

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6
Q

When did research discover peptide protamine?

A

1937, discovered it could neutralize effects of heparin

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7
Q

Who reported heparin induced anticoagulation for CPB in animals and when?

A

1939, Gibbon

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8
Q

Heparin Advantages

A

Readily available
Predictable response in majority of patients
Low incidence of side effects
Reversible with protamine
Easy to monitor anticoagulant effects (ACT)
Easy to monitor concentration in blood
Lower cost than alternatives

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9
Q

What are circulating mast cells called?

A

Basophils

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10
Q

What does heparin consist of?

A

Highly sulfated glycosaminoglycan present in mast cells

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11
Q

Heparin Relative

A

heparan; a lower sulfated form present on endothelial cells

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12
Q

How does heparin work?

A

Potentiation of ATIII to neutralize circulating thrombin and other activated serine proteases (VII, IX, X, XI, XII)

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13
Q

Heparin neutralizes which serine proteases?

A

VII, IX, X, XI, XII

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14
Q

Unfractionated Heparin

A

contains heparin molecules of varying lengths

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15
Q

What types of heparin chains bind better with ATIII and thrombin?

A

Longer chains (higher MW)

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16
Q

What sequence on heparin is required for ATIII interaction?

A

Specific pentasaccharide sequence along heparin chain

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17
Q

Heparin MW

A

3,000- 40,000 Daltons

Distribution of MW varies depending on source

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18
Q

Heparin Charge and Acidity

A

Highly negatively charged (highest negative charge density of any biological molecule)
Very, very acidic

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19
Q

Mucosal Heparin

A 
Lower MW
Higher dose required for same response
Need 25-30% less Protamine to neutralize (Ultra low MW uses Xa inhibition- not reversed by Protamine)
More expensive to produce
less likely to cause HIT
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20
Q

Lung Heparin

A 
Higher MW
Greater Potency (lower dose required)
more protamine required due to more ATIII interactions
Cheaper to produce
More likely to cause HIT
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21
Q

USP Units

A

United States Pharmacopoeia units

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22
Q

1 USP unit

A

amount of heparin that maintains fluidity of 1 mL of citrated sheep plasma for 1 hour after recalcification

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23
Q

BP units

A

British Pharmacopoeia units; sulfated ox blood activated with thromboplastin

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24
Q

EU units

A

European Pharmacopoeia units; recalcified sheep plasma in the presence of kaolin and cephalin incubated for 2 minutes therefore constituting an aPTT for sheep plasma

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25
Q

Heparin potency is measured by….

A

Activity, not number of molecules

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26
Q

Heparin Pharmacokinetics

A

Poor lipid solubility, safe for BBB and placenta
Biphasic elimination with peak effects at 1-2 min post admin via central line
Delayed in states of low CO or w. peripheral injection
Redistribution after 4-5 minutes to normal elimination
dose dependent half-life

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27
Q

Heparin’s Dose Dependent 1/2 life

A

100U/kg dose = 61 +/- 9 min
200U/kg dose = 93 +/- 6 min
400 U/kg dose= 126 +/- 24 min

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28
Q

Where is the majority of heparin bound?

A

Plasma; but some migrate to tissues

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29
Q

Clearance of Heparin

A

Portions excreted in urine depolymerized w. fewer sulfate groups that reduces activity by 50%
Endothelial cells, liver, and kidneys all play a role to varying degrees

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30
Q

Role of Hypothermia and 1/2 life

A

Delays clearance and increases 1/2 life

Heparin concentration is virtually consistent for 40-100 min at 25 degrees C

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31
Q

Converting C to F

A

C x (9/5) + 32 =F

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32
Q

ATIII activity is increased _______x in the presence of heparin

A

1,000- 10,000x

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33
Q

Which chain molecules bind to ATIII?

A

only larger chain molecules (1/3) of heparin bind to ATIII

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34
Q

Why wont smaller chains of heparin bind to ATIII?

A

They primarily have anti-Xa effect and minimal anti-IIa effects

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35
Q

Loading Dose of heparin

A

200-400U/kg (typically 300 U/kg)

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36
Q

How much heparin is usually added to prime?

A

5,000 to 20,000 U

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37
Q

Empiric Dosing of Heparin

A

Loading dose given/ACT verified.
Give additioal 50-100U/kg ever 30 min or as infrequently as every 2 hrs
No ACT checked due to theory of exiting variables that make ACT inaccurate

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38
Q

Heparin-Dose response curve (Bull)

A

Create graph based on baseline ACT and ACT following loading dose of heparin
Provides “personalized” response for each patient
Additional heparin given when ACT falls below specified value- additional amt determined from graph

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39
Q

ACT value indicating no clot formation in oxygenator

A

> 300 seconds

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40
Q

ACT considered life threatening

A

< 180 seconds inadequate

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41
Q

Questionable ACT values

A

180-300 seconds

42
Q

When is value of 180 sec ok?

A

ECMO or other long-term support

43
Q

Recommended ACT prior to starting bypass

A

480 seconds (provides good safety margin over 300 seconds)

Due to 10% interspecies variation and 10% test variability

44
Q

Unwise to maintain ACT greater than what

A

> 600 seconds

45
Q

Gravlee Heparin Dosing Protocol

A

Prime ECC with 3U heparin/mL pump prime
Initial dose 300U/kg IV
Draw sample 2-5 min after infusion
Give add’l heparin to get ACT > 400 seconds before bypass
Give add’l heparin to maintain ACT>400 seconds during normothermic bypass
Give add’l heparin as needed to maintain ACT>480 second during hypothermic bypass (24 - 30 degrees C)
Monitor ACT every 30 min (or more frequently if showing heparin resistance)

46
Q

MW of Heparin and binding to platelets

A

Binding decreases with decreased MW

47
Q

Heparin Resistance

A

When more than 600u/kg given and ACT still is 500,000

Septicemia/Hypereosinophilic syndrome/NTG

48
Q

When is NTG clinically relevant

A

> 300 mcg/min

49
Q

Familial ATIII Deficiency

A

Autosomal Dominant
1/2000 to 20,000 people
ATIII < 50% normal
15-30 y/o w. low limb venous thrombosis or PE
Precipiating factors: Pregancy, Infx, surgery (thrombosis, inability to get adequate anticoag for cardiac surgery)

50
Q

Familial ATIII Deficiency Tx

A

Life long antithrombotic tx after dx

Decreases incidence of thromboembolic events by 65%

51
Q

ATIII levels in infants and newborns

A

60-80% adult ATIII levels
But: don’t have thrombotic activity like adults do
@ 3 mo. 90% adult levels
Explains heparin resistance of newborns

52
Q

Acquired ATIII Deficiency

A

More common than familial
When pts are on Heparin pre-op or have chronic DIC
ATIII levels plateau at 60% normal

53
Q

Tx of ATIII Deficiency in OR

A

Transfusion of FFP
Administration of Recombinant ATIII (Thrombate or ATryn)
Expensive

54
Q

What can cause HIT?

A

Large MW Heparin binds to plts releasing PF4, activates GPIIb/IIIa receptors, degranulation, and aggregation

55
Q

HIT

A

Drop in plt counts to <100,000 or 50% reduction from baseline
2-10 days after initiation of heparin tx, but can be hrs
5-28% of patients receiving heparin
Plt counts return to baseline 4 days after d/c heparin
Less common with LMWH and porcine mucosal

56
Q

Type I HIT

A

Non immune-mediated
First 2 days of exposure (LMWH or unfractionated)
Mild, clinically irrelevant drop in plt count
Plt count normalizes with continue heparin tx
not clinically significant

57
Q

Type II HIT

A

Immune-mediated
4-14 days after patient’s exposure to (mostly unfractionated heparin)
Moderate to severe drop in plt count (relative or absolute decrease)
Dose not spontaneous resolve w. continued heparin tx
potentially life threatening

58
Q

What is the correlation between HIT syndrome and HIT antibody?

A

> 90% correlation

59
Q

Sensitivity

A

Proportion of “sick” correctly identified by test as having condition

60
Q

Specificity

A

Proportion of healthy correctly identified by test as not having coniditon

61
Q

PPV

A

proportion with positive tests that are true positives for condition x

62
Q

NPV

A

proportion with negative tests who are true negatives for condition x

63
Q

4 HIT Antibody Diagnostic Tests

A

ELISA Assay
HIPA
C-SRA
PaGIA

64
Q

ELISA Assay

A

Measures antibodies to the heparin/PF4 complexes
Sensitivity > 90%, but low specificity due to many false-postiives
Commonly used as initial screening test, but frequently has a slow turn-around time and very labor intensive

65
Q

HIPA

A

Heparin-Induced Platelet Aggregation Assay; measure the presence of antibodies to the heparin/PF4 complexes
Fairly high specificity, but only fair sensitivity (~50%),therefore best use as confirmation test in conjunction with a more sensitive test
Slow turn around

66
Q

C-SRA

A

Serotonin Release Assay; measures serotonin released by platelets activated by the HIT antibodies

Very good sensitivity (~90%) and specificity approaching 100% making C-SRA test the gold standard, slow turn around, expensive complex

67
Q

Gold standard for HIT antibody testing

A

C-SRA

68
Q

PaGIA

A

Particle Gel Immunoassay; uses polystyrene particles that are coating with PF4-heparin complexes to which patient serum is added and compared to a standard
easy and quick
High specificity, but corss-reacts with IgA and IgM antibodies so there’s lots of false positives (high NPV)

69
Q

How to Dx Hit?

A

Thrombocytopenia (absolute/relative drop from baseline)
Timing
Thrombosis (DVT, MIs, Stroke, lesions, GI necrosis)
Lack of other potential causes of profound thrombocytopenia
Greinacher Scoring System (hematologist)

70
Q

HIT Risk Factors

A

Unfractionated (greatest risk factor) vs LMW Heparin
Bovine (worse) vs Porcine derived heparin
Race (blacks 2x more likely)
Sex (females more likely)
Surgical patients vs medical patients (cardiac bad, ortho worse)
Post-organ transplant
Age- over 60 ( are we not as careful though? )

71
Q

Incidence of HIT in patients receiving extended heparin antithrombotic therapeutic exposure

A

0.5 to 5.0%

72
Q

Incidence of HIT in patients receiving normal iatrogenic extended heparin exposure

A

0.05 to 0.1 %

73
Q

National prevalence in all heparin exposed patients (HIT)

A

~0.2%

74
Q

Percent of HIT syndrome patients that are cardiac surgery patients

A

~50%

75
Q

Percent developing thrombosis when managed solely by cessation of heparin therapy when unusual thrombosis dx

A

~50%

76
Q

How many develop thrombosis within one month if thrombosis was not present at the time of dx even after plt levels normalize

A

~1/3

77
Q

What percent of HIT patients require limb amputation?

A

11%

Even more require other toes, fingers, nipples, ears

78
Q

Where is HIT more common?

A

Veins/CVP catheter

79
Q

What percent of HIT patients die?

A

25-30%

80
Q

What can happen with HIT?

A

DIC
Acute, massive, global pulmonary thromboembolism
Death
amputations

81
Q

HIT Tx

A

Anticoagulation by Direct Thrombin Inhibitors
Factor Xa inhibitors
Heparinoids
NO warfarin for 5 days

82
Q

Why shouldnt a HIT patient use warfarin?

A

Warfarin steals vitamin-K dependent factors necessary for activating protein C, thus termporarily acting as a pro-coagulant)

Give the patient vitamin K

83
Q

Direct Thrombin Inhibitor (DTI) Drugs

A

Lepirudin (refludan)
Bivalirudin (Angiomax)
Argatroban

84
Q

Lepirudin (Refludan)

A 
DTI
Recombinant leech-saliva anticoagulant
Normal 1/2 life ~80 min (~48 hrs in patients with renal dysf)
Cleared by renal excretion
Measured by aPTT or ECT
Fairly immunogenic
SubQ or IV
85
Q

Bivalirudin (Angiomax)

A

Synthetic form of hiruin (leech saliva)
1/2 life 25 minutes
Metabolized and renally excreted so 1/2 life 3-4 hrs with renal problems
Less immunogenic than lepirudin
IVonly
Not common, presumable shorter 1/2 life and less experience
Also monitored by aPTT and ECT

86
Q

Argatroban

A

Most commonly used tx and drug of choice for HIT
1/2 life 50 min
Hepatic clearance
Much less immunogenic than leech derived alternatives
better long term
50% lower incidence of hemorrhagic incidence than leech derived
VERY BAD if residual warfarin present (start vit. K first)
Monitored with aPTT or ACT

87
Q

HIT Tx Factor Xa Inhibitors

A

Fondaparinux (Arixtra)

Danaproud (orgaron)

88
Q

Fondaparinux (Atrixa)

A 
Factor Xa inhibitor; HIT Tx
Synthetic cousin of LMWH, w/o heparin problems
Does not directly inhibit thrombin
Binds to ATIII
You can take with warfarin
1/2 life= 20 hrs
cleared unchanged by kidneys
subQ only
Monitored by Anti-Xa assay (best) or ACT
89
Q

Danaparoid (Orgaran)

A

Mostly overseas, used to be used in US
mixture of heparin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate
cross reacts w. HIT sera, so affects monitoring and has resulted in treatment failures from underdosing
Not available in USA

90
Q

What should you keep in mind when using autotransfusion and cell salvage?

A

Don’t use heparin!!

91
Q

HIT Patients on Bypass

A

Non-heparinized everything
Monitor Acts, maybe ECTs
No stasis
D/c agent 20-30 min prior to CPB termination
MUF
recirculate added agent and drain circuit ASAP
run cell-saver while you wait
avoid giving products for first several hours
limit heparin to <4 days for prevention; LMWH

92
Q

Coagulation Testing

A 
ACT
Heparin concentration
aPTT
PT
Thrombin Time
Plt count
FSP FDP
TEG
93
Q

ACT

A

Blood clotting time accelerated using celite or kaolin activator (XII, XI)
placed in warming block to prevent hypothermia interface
normal values 90-120s
results artificially prolonged by hypothermia, hemodilution, and aprotinin (celite)
relative value; not specific indicator of coag abnormalities

94
Q

Heparin Concentration Testing

A

anticoag endpoint
measured by cartridges containing various known amts of protamin and tissue thromboplastin activator
based on Hep:Prot titrations, channel that clots off first is closest to actual heparin concentration
useful for detecting heparin reversal
decreased bleeding when [ ] maintained

95
Q

aPTT

A

tests intrinsic pathway (VIII, IX, XI)
plasma separated in citrated tube and spun to activate XII
Known [ ] of platelet phospholipid and Ca ++ are added
Normal values are 26-39s
sensitive to heparin, not useful on CPB

96
Q

PT

A

extrinsic pathway (VII)
plasma separated in citrated collection tube
known [ ] tissue phospholipid and Ca ++ are added
normal values ~10-13 but large institutional variances occur
international normalizing ratio developed to standardize
less sensitive to heparin

97
Q

INR

A

international normalizing ratio

ratio of patients PT at institution to mean value at institution

98
Q

Thrombin Time

A

Specific for common pathway
plasma isolated in citrated collection tube
ca++ and [ ] thrombin added to trigger fibrin clots
sensitive to effects of heparin
large doses of thrombin convert this test to a measurement of fibrinogen
normal values are <17s

99
Q

Platelet count tests

A

automated or manual
quantity only- not a platelet function test
thromboelastography helps measure platelet function

100
Q

Fibrin degradation (split) products

A

product of clot lysis

elevated levels can lead to inhibition of fibrin monomer cross-linking and even induce platelet dysfunction

101
Q

Thromboelastography (TEG)

A

Measures efficiency of clot formation including:
How long it takes for clotting to begin
Speed of clot formation
Clot strength
Fibrinolysis
Platelet function (used for platelet mapping)

CV Perf Tech II (17 decks)

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