immune response

Question 1

what type of blood cell are lymphocytes

Answer 1

white blood cell

Question 2

there are many cell to cell processes in the immune response.

-what process must take place for the communication to occur
-name a chemical messenger

Answer 2

• cell to cell signalling must take place for the immune response to work efficiently
  -cytokines are a chemical meesenger

Question 3

Macrophages release monokines (type of cytokine) which attract neutrophils by chemotaxis. What is chemotaxis

Answer 3

Chemotaxis- movement of cells towards a particular chemical

Question 4

what is an autoimmune disease

Answer 4

abnormal immune response

when the immune system mistakenly attack a healthy part of the body as if it was a foreign pathogen

Question 5

antibodies contain disulfide bonds, but what is its function

Answer 5

holds the heavy polypeptide chain and light polypeptide chain together

Question 6

why do antibodies not respond to nuclear proteins

Answer 6

because they are usually kept in nucleus not exposed to tissue fluid

Question 7

describe the structure of a lymphocyte

Answer 7

huge nucleus
specialised receptors on plasma membrane

Question 8

name the 4 t lymphocyte

Answer 8

helper
killer
regulator
memory

Question 9

what are the two types of cells, b cells can differentiate into

Answer 9

plasma cells
b memory

Question 10

what do plasma cells do

Answer 10

produce antibodies

Question 11

how are b cells stimulated

Answer 11

when t helper lymphocytes bind to the antigen on the pathogen and send cytokines to the b cells

Question 12

what cytokine stimulates clonal expansion

Answer 12

interleukins

Question 13

what is clonal selection and what step is it in the immune system
1,2,3

Answer 13

clonal selection- 1
when receptors on the plasma membrane of t cells bind to the antigen of the pathogen to stimulate immune response

Question 14

what are the two main ways lymphocytes come into contact with pathogen

Answer 14

if the pathogen is in the lymph node

APC

Question 15

what is clonal expansion and what step is it in immune response

123

Answer 15

clonal expansion is step 3
when correct lymphocytes have been activated, e.g. b cells and T cells. they must increase in abundance by mitosis

Question 16

what is differentiation and hwat step is it in the immune response

Answer 16

development of the b and t lymphocytes into useful cells.
e.g. t cell developing into a t killer

Question 17

give an example of an autoimmune disease

Answer 17

arthiritis

Question 18

what is the difference between the primary and secondary response

Answer 18

primary- slower because it has clonal selection, expansion, differentiation

secondary- quick, memory cells are already present to manufacture antibodies quick.

Question 19

describe the secondary immune response

Answer 19

infected second time by the same pathogen, antibodies must be made again.
B and T memory cells are already present in blood, therefore they recognise pathogen and initiate immune response.
antibody production starts sooner and is rapid