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Immune Regulation (RVSP) Flashcards

0
Q

What are the mechanisms of immunoenhancement/immunopotentiation?

A
  • increasing the rate at which the response occurs
  • elevating its magnitude
  • ncreasing the duration of the response
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1
Q

The augmentation of immune responsiveness by immunization or other means

A

Immunoenhancement/Immunopotentiation

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2
Q

Example of a nonspecific potentiator

A

Adjuvants

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3
Q

Substances that enhance the immunogenicity of molecules without altering their chemical composition

A

Adjuvants

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4
Q

3 ways an adjuvant enhances the immunogenicity of molecules

A
  • increase the efficiency of the macrophage processing of Ag
  • prolonging the exposure to an Ag
  • amplifying the proliferation of immunocompetent lymphocyte by enhancing lymphokine activity
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5
Q

Classic adjuvant used in experimental animals

A

Freund’s adjuvant

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6
Q

Emulsifying agent of Freund’s adjuvant

A

Paraffin or mineral oil

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7
Q

2 types of Freund’s adjuvant

A
  • Incomplete Freund’s adjuvant (IFA)

- Complete Freund’s adjuvant

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8
Q

Class of IFA

A

Water in oil with antigen

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9
Q

IFA increases _________ response about _________

A

Humoral Ab

100 fold

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10
Q

The IFA prolongs the phase of active Ig synthesis by ________

A

Months

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11
Q

What is in the Complete Freund’s adjuvant that is not present in IFA?

A

Mycobacterial cell wall components

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12
Q

The complete Freund’s adjuvant markedly increases ___ and ___

A

Humoral immunity

Cell-mediated immunity

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13
Q

3 types of specific potentiators

A

Helper factors
Immunogenic RNA
Transfer factors

HIT

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14
Q

Specific potentiator; secreted by T cells ff interaction of Ag specific receptor with its homologous epitope

A

Helper factors

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15
Q

Specific potentiator; an Ag specific dialyzable extract of immune T cells that is capable of transferring CMI

A

Transfer factors

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16
Q

Specific potentiator; extracted from lymphoid tissues following Ag injection

A

Immunogenic RNA

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17
Q

Specific potentiator; an Ag receptor complexed with cellular RNA which greatly increases immunogenicity of a molecule

A

Immunogenic RNA

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18
Q

Reduction in a large portion of immune responsiveness

A

Immunosupression

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19
Q

3 types of immunosupression

A

Physical means
Chemical and Biologic means
Immunosupression associated with diseases

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20
Q

2 physical means of immunosupression

A

Surgical manipulation

Ionizing radiation

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21
Q

Effect of surgical manipulation of bursa of Fabricius/thymus during neonatal period

A

Immunologic competence not developed in the corresponding cell line

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22
Q

Effect of surgical manipulation of bursa of Fabricius/thymus after immunologic development

A

Very little effect on immunologic competence

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23
Q

Peripheral lymphoid tissues removed in surgical mannipulation

A

Lymph nodes

Lymphoid cells

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24
Organs damaged by ionizing radiation
Lymphoid organs | Bone marrow
25
3 chemical and biologic means of immunosupression
Lymphocytic agents Lymphocytotoxic agents Antibodies
26
Can track the expression of the immune response but more effective in disrupting the initian of the immune response
Lymphocytic agents
27
4 types of lymphocytotoxic agents
Antimetabolites Alkylating agents Antibiotics Cortisone
28
Lymphocytotoxic agent; interferes with DNA synthesis
Antimetabolites
29
Examples of antimetabolites
Purine and pyrimidine Analogues Folic acid antagonists
30
Lymphocytotoxic agent; interferes with cell division by altering guanine so DNA base pairing errors occur
Alkylating agents
31
Lymphocytotoxic agent; can crosslink DNA strands thus blocking replication
Alkylating agents
32
Example of alkylating agent
Cyclophosphamide
33
Lymphocytotoxic agent; supresses graft rejection reactions
Antibiotics
34
Lymphocytotoxic agent; exerts an inhibitory effect on IL-2 action thus blocking the expansion of the helper/inducer T cell population
Antibiotics
35
Example of antibiotics
Cyclosporin
36
Lymphocytotoxic agent; immunosupressive & anti-inflammatory
Cortisone
37
Lymphocytotoxic agent; lymphocytic to animals, not in humans; alters cell migration & causes lymphopenia & monocytopenia shortly after injection
Cortisone
38
Abs that induce immune deficiency in transplant patients by supression of CMI
Abs that react with lymphoid cells particularly thymocytes
39
Ab that blocks host IR
Preformed Abs followed by injection of specific Ag
40
Abs that specifically abort a specific response
Abs specific for the Ag combining site
41
2 congenital immunodeficiencies
Bruton's agammaglobulinemia | DiGeorge syndrome
42
Lymphocytes that fail to develop in Bruton's agammaglobulinemia
B cells
43
Recurrent infection in Bruton's agammaglobulinemia
Bacterial infections
44
What is the problem in DiGeorge sydrome?
Failure of the development of third and fourth pharyngeal pouches during embryogenesis
45
Recurren infections in DiGeorge syndrome
Recurrent viral disease
46
A malignancy that dirupts normal lymphocyte functions directly or may 'crowd out' normal lymphocytes from bone marrow & peripheral lymphoid tissues
Lymphomas
47
Infection that causes a transient depression of CMI
Measles
48
Infection that causes a profound immunosupression which renders the host susceptible to fatal infection from opportunistic pathogens
HIV
49
Immunity that is most sensitive to nutritional deprivation
CMI
50
Other components of immunity that are affected by malnutrition other than CMI
Humoral immunity Complement Phagocyte functions
51
Immunosupression associated with diseases
Congenital immunodeficiencies Malignancies Infections Malnutrition
52
Absence of specific immune response in a fully competent person
Tolerance
53
2 types of tolerance
- Naturally acquired (autolerance, neonatal, natural tolerance) - Immune tolerance
54
Escape from naturally acquired tolerance leads to
Autoimmune diseases
55
When is the ability to recognize one's own tissues acquired?
During fetal development
56
Theory related to naturally acquired tolerance
Clonal deletion theory
57
2 gradations of tolerance
Partial | Immune deviation/split tolerance
58
Gradation of tolerance; unable to respond to some of the epitopes on the Ag but can respond to others
Partial
59
Gradation of tolerance; one of the immune responses can be interferred with, but not another
Immune deviation/split tolerance
60
4 pathways to B cell tolerance
Functional deletion Antibody forming cell blockade Cisnal abortion Clonal exhaustion
61
3 factors that determine the type of B cell tolerance
Maturity of the cell Ag Manner of Ag presentation
62
Pathway to B cell tolerance; low conc of multivalent Ag may cause the immature clone to abort
Cisnal abortion
63
Pathway to B cell tolerance; repeated antigenic challenge with T independent Ag may remove all mature B cell clones
Clonal exhaustion
64
Pathway to B cell tolerance; absence of T helper cell with presence of T dependent Ag or an excess of T independent Ag prevents mature B cell from functioning properly
Functional deletion
65
Pathway to B cell tolerance; high conc of T dependent Ag are blocking the receptors of the cells hereby interferring Ab secretions
Antibody forming cell blockade
66
3 pathways to T cell tolerance
Clonal abortion Functional deletion T supression
67
Pathway to T cell tolerance; immature T cell clones may be aborted in a similar manner to B cell
Clonal abortion
68
Pathway to T cell tolerance; subsets of mature T cells may be individually deleted leading to the loss of only one of the functions of the T cell group
Functional deletion
69
Pathway to T cell tolerance; supressor T cells actively supress the actions of the T cell subsets or B cells
T supression

Immuno-Sero (6 decks)

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