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Immuno-Sero > Ch. 2 - Antibodies (RVSP) > Flashcards

Ch. 2 - Antibodies (RVSP) Flashcards

0
Q

Protein electrophoresis fraction where Abs can be isolated

A

Gamma globulin fraction

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1
Q

Other name for antibodies (Abs)

A

Immunoglobulins

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2
Q

Primary function of Abs

A

To combine with Ag

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3
Q

5 classes of immunoglobulins

A 
IgG
IgM
IgA
IgE
IgD
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4
Q

Ab produced early in an immune response

A

IgM

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5
Q

Major Ig in normal serum

A

IgG

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6
Q

Ig that crosses the placenta

A

IgG

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7
Q

Predominat Ig in secretions

A

IgA

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8
Q

Produces IgA

A

Plasma cells

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9
Q

Glycoprotein binded to by IgA after being transported through the intestinal epithelial cells or hepatocytes

A

Secretory component

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10
Q

Protects IgA from digestion by gastrointestinal proteolytic enzymes

A

Secretory component

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11
Q

Critical in protecting body surfaces against invading microorganisms because of its presence in seromucous secretions

A

Secretory IgA

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12
Q

Cell membrane Ig found on the surface of B lymphocytes

A

IgD

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13
Q

Ig found in the plasma of unparasitized individuals

A

IgE

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14
Q

Ig that mediates some types of hypersensitivity, allergies and anaphylaxis

A

IgE

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15
Q

Ig responsible for an individual’s immunity to invading parasites

A

IgE

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16
Q

Monomeric Igs

A

IgD
IgE
IgG

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17
Q

Monomeric and polymeric Ig

A

IgA

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18
Q

Pentameric Ig

A

IgM

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19
Q

Basic unit of an Ab molecule

A

Homology unit (domain)

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20
Q

Number of domains in a typical molecule

A

12

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21
Q

Ag-binding portion of the Ab; shows heterogeneity

A

Variable (V) region

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22
Q

Portion of Ab molecule; has a constant amino acid sequence

A

Constant (C) region

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23
Q

Loop structures in the variable regions that confer variability among different Abs or T cell receptors

A

Complementary-determining regions (CDRs)

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24
Q

Determines the class and subclass of an Ig molecule

A

H-chain type

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25
Q

2 L chain subtypes

A

Kappa (κ)

Lambda (λ)

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26
Q

3 globular regions of a typical IgG molecule

A

2 Fab regions

1 Fc portion

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27
Q

Links the 3 globular regions

A

Hinge region

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28
Q

Ag-binding fragments

A

Fab fragments

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29
Q

Third fragment after papain digestion of IgG; relatively homogenous; sometimes crystallizable

A

Fc portion

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30
Q

Enzyme used to digest IgG into 3 approximately equal fragments

A

Papain

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31
Q

2 Fab fragments that remain joined after pepsin digstion of IgG

A

F(ab)’2

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32
Q

Fragment that has a light chain and half of a heavy chain

A

Fd fragment

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33
Q

Point where the Fab regions can swing freely around the center of the molecule

A

Hinge

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34
Q

Residues present in the hinge region

A

Hydrophilic residues

Proline residues

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35
Q

Opens the hinge region making it accessible to proteolytic cleavage

A

Hydrophilic residues

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36
Q

Ig that is efficient in complement cascade activation and agglutination

A

IgM

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37
Q

Ig that has no interchain disulfide bonds between its heavy chains and an exposed hinge region

A

IgD

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38
Q

Ig that has an Fc region that binds strongly to a receptor on mast cells and basophils

A

IgE

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39
Q

The specific chemical determinant group or molecular configuration against which the immune response is directed

A

Antigenic determinant

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40
Q

3 principal categories of antigenic determinants

A

Isotype
Allotype
Idiotype

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41
Q

Dominant type of antigenic determinant found on Igs of all animals of a species

A

Isotype determinant

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42
Q

Antigenic determinant found in some, but not all, animals of a species

A

Allotype determinants

43
Q

Produced by injecting the Igs of one animal into another member of the same species

A

Alloantibodies

44
Q

Genetically determined variations representing the presence of allelic genes at a single locus within a species

A

Allotype determinants

45
Q

5 sets of allotypic markers in humans that have been found

A 
Gm
Km
Mm
Am
Hv
46
Q

Antigenic determinant; a result of the unique structures on light and heavy chains

A

Idiotype determinants

47
Q

Antigenic determinant; individual determinants characteristic of each antibody

A

Idiotype determinants

48
Q

Location of the idiotypic determinants

A

Variable part of the Ab

49
Q

2 forms of an immune reaction

A
  • cell-mediated immunity (T cells and macrophages)

- production of Abs (B lymphocytes and plasma cells)

50
Q

2 routes of entry of foreign substance that illicits a stronger stimuli

A

Intravenous

Intraperitoneal

51
Q

Predominant type of Ig in primary antibody response

A

IgM

52
Q

4 phases of the IgM antibody response after a foreign antibody challenge

A

Lag phase
Log phase
Plateau phase
Decline phase

53
Q

Phase when no Ab is detectable

A

Lag phase

54
Q

Phase when the Ab titer increases logarithmically

A

Log phase

55
Q

Phase when the Ab titer stabilizes

A

Plateau phase

56
Q

Phase when the Ab is catabolized

A

Decline phase

57
Q

3 points of difference between an anamnestic response with a primary response

A

Time
Type of Ab
Ab titer

58
Q

Difference in TIME between anamnestic response and primary Ab response

A

Shorter lag phase
Longer plateau
More gradual decline

59
Q

Type of Ab predominantly found in anamnestic response

A

IgG

60
Q

Ab titer in anamnestic response compared to primary Ab response

A

Higher Ab titer

61
Q

Application of primary and secondary responses

A

Vaccination

62
Q

Provides artificially acquired active immunity to a specific disease

A

Vaccine

63
Q

Vaccine that allows for an anamnestic response, with an increase in Ab titer and clones of memory cells

A

Booster vaccine

64
Q

Principal function of Ab

A

To bind Ag

65
Q

2 significant secondary effector functions of Abs

A

Complement fixation

Placental transfer

66
Q

2 molecules with important effector mechanisms in the activation of complement

A

IgG1

IgG3

67
Q

Ability if a particular Ab to combine with a particular Ag

A

Specificity

68
Q

Portion of the Fab molecule that has specificity; a cleft formed largely by the hypervariable regions of heavy and light chains

A

Combining site

69
Q

Initial force of attraction between a single Fab site on an Ab molecule and a single epitope or determinant site on the corresponding Ag

A

Affinity

70
Q

Functional combining strength of an Ab with its Ag

A

Avidity

71
Q

Noncovalent combination of Ag with it respective specific Ab

A

Immune complex

72
Q

Type of immune complex under conditions of Ag or Ab excess

A

Soluble complexes

73
Q

Type of immune complex under conditions of equivalent amounts of Ag and Ab

A

Precipitate

74
Q

3 factors that affect the level of circulating immune complexes

A

Rate of formation
Nature of the complex formed
Rate of clearance

75
Q

Type of bond between Ag and Ab

A

Noncovalent

76
Q

4 types of noncovalent bonds in Ag-Ab reactions

A

Hydrophobic bonds
Hydrogen bonds
Van der Waals Forces
Electrostatic forces

77
Q

Major type of noncovalent bond between Ags and Abs

A

Hydrophobic bond

78
Q

3 major hydrogen bonds in Ag-Ab interactions

A

O-H-O
N-H-N
O-H-N

79
Q

Type of noncovalent bond; nonspecific attractive forces generated by the interaction between electron clouds and hydrophobic bonds

A

Van der Waals Forces

80
Q

Type of noncovalent bond; results from minor asymmetry in the charge of an atom caused by the position of its electrons

A

Van der Waals Forces

81
Q

Type of noncovalent bond; results from the attraction of oppositely charged amino acids located on the side chains of 2 amino acid residues

A

Electrostatic Forces

82
Q

Refers to the event when the shapes of the antigenic determinants and the Ag-binding site conform to each other

A

Goodness of Fit

83
Q

Complementary matching of determinants and binding sites

A

Goodness of Fit

84
Q

Process where particulate Ags aggregate to form larger complexes in the presence of a specific Ab

A

Agglutination

85
Q

Combination of soluble Ag with soluble Ab to produce insoluble complexes that are visible

A

Precipitation reactions

86
Q

Reaction of Ag and Ab with a cellular indicator

A

Hemolysis testing

87
Q

Measures immune complexes formed in an in vitro system

A

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

88
Q

4 tests for detection of Ag-Ab reactions

A

Agglutination
Precipitation reactions
Hemolysis testing
ELISA

89
Q

Charge of Igs

A

Positively charged

90
Q

Difference in electrostatic potential between the net charge at the cell membrane and the charge at the surface of the shear

A

Zeta potential

91
Q

Process where the zeta potential is reduced

A

Sensitization (coating of particles)

92
Q

Ig sometimes referred to as COMPLETE ANTIBODIES

A

IgM-type antibodies

93
Q

Abs more efficient in exhibiting in vitro agglutination when the Ag-bearing erythrocytes are suspended in physiologic saline

A

Complete antibodies (IgM-type antibodies)

94
Q

Abs that do not exhibit visible agglutination of salin-suspended erythrocytes, even when bound to the cell’s surface membrane

A

Nonagglutinating antibodies (incomplete antibodies) (IgG and IgA)

95
Q

Purified Abs cloned from a single cell

A

Monoclonal Abs

96
Q

Abs that exhibit exceptional purity and specificity and are able to recognize and bind to a specific Ag

A

Monoclonal Abs

97
Q

Scientists that discovered hybridoma technique

A

Köhler
Milstein
Jerne

98
Q

Cells used in the hybridoma technique

A

Cultured myeloma cells

99
Q

Plasma cells from malignant tumor strains

A

Cultured myeloma cells

100
Q

Virus used to induce the cells to fuse

A

Sendai virus

101
Q

An influenza virus that causes cell fusion

A

Sendai virus

102
Q

The Igs derived from a single clone of cells

A

Monoclonal Abs (MAbs)

103
Q

Promotes cell membrane fusion in modern methods for producing MAbs

A

Polyethylene glycol (PEG)

104
Q

7 uses for monoclnal antibodies

A
  • analysis of cell membrane antigens
  • indentifying and quantifying hormones
  • typing tissue and blood
  • identifying infectious agents
  • indentifying clusters of differentiation for the classification of leukemias and lymphomas and follow-up therapy
  • identifying tumor Ags and autoantibodies
  • delivering immunotherapy

Immuno-Sero (6 decks)

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