immune interactions

Question 1

Ixodid ticks

Answer 1

Hard ticks
egg-larva-nymph-adult
one blood meal during each life cycle stage
maybe one, two or three hosts
Ixodes, dermocenter, Rhipicephalus

Question 2

Agarsid ticks

Answer 2

soft ticks
multiple nymph stages 
feed several times at each stage
most are nest parasites
ornithodoros

Question 3

Host immune response to ticks

Answer 3

antigen presenting cells pick up tick immunogens and drain lymph nodes
complement activation - predominantly Th1 cytokine responses

Question 4

immunomodulation by tick saliva

Answer 4

inflammation inhibitors
bind histamine and neutrophil attractants
cytokine modulation

Question 5

cytokines

Answer 5

immunological hormones

Question 6

TH1 cytokines

Answer 6

interferon Y
interleukin 2,6,12
tumor necrosis factor
All down regulated by tick

Question 7

TH2 cytokines

Answer 7

interleuken 4,5
interleuken 10
all upregulated by ticks

Question 8

alpha -Gal glycan epitopes

Answer 8

carbohydrates that stimulate an immune response

type of immmune response depends on how it is injected

Question 9

alpha -gal from ticks salivary gland

Answer 9

induce IgE antibodies

get an anaphalactic shock

Question 10

alpha -gal from gut microbiota

Answer 10

induce IgM antibodies

resistance to malaria

Question 11

alpha -gal injected

Answer 11

induce IgG antibodies

Question 12

multigene family

Answer 12

Tick salivary proteins cluster in multigenic protein families
each family members display redundancy and pluripotency to evade immune response
leads to continuous antigenic shift so host cannot build an immune response

Question 13

T, brucei metacyclics

Answer 13

parasite induced reduction in salivary gland gene transcription -> decrease in protein content
reduces - anti platelette aggregation, anticoagulation

Question 14

Maxadilan

Answer 14

sandfly salivary gland peptide (vasodilator)
also has molecular variation
decrease T cell activation, nitric oxide production
increase interleuken 6, 10

Question 15

PSG

Answer 15

recruits macrophages to site of infection

increases synthesis of polyamines needed for intracellular parasite growth

Question 16

Ae.aegypti salivary proteins (MSP) and dengue

Answer 16

MSP includes three allergens
all three disrupt haemostatic and inflammatory responses
prior exposure to MSP might influence outcome of dengue infection.
if get IgE response will get haemorrhagic fever

Question 17

Parasites in vector salivary glands

Answer 17

P. falciparum in SG of An. gambiae affects expression of at least 43 genes
overexpressed SG proteins - gSG6
- Agaphelin
Parasites decrease mosquito feeding during pre-infectious periods

Question 18

gSG6 salivary protein

Answer 18

antibody detected in kids in dry season - infection maintained