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Year 1-Immunology-Mubarak > Immune Cells and Organs > Flashcards

Immune Cells and Organs Flashcards

1
Q

Where are lymphocytes produced?

A

Bone Marrow

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2
Q

Generation of lymphocytes is also known as ….?

A

Lymphopoiesis

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3
Q

Name the primary lymphoid organs?

A

Thymus and bone marrow

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4
Q

Where do lymphoid stem cells differentiate into mature and functional lymphocytes?

A

Primary lymphoid organs

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5
Q

Name some secondary lymphoid organs?

A

-spleen -lymph nodes -mucosal associated lymphoid tissues (MALT)

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6
Q

In which part of the body can lymphocytes interact with antigen and with other lymphocytes

A

Secondary Lymphiod organs

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7
Q

Name the components that make up the structure of the human Thymic lobe?

A

Capsule Cortex Medulla Interlobular Septum Lobule Corpuscle

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8
Q

The thymus is bi lobed in mammals. True or false?

A

True

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9
Q

What happens to the thymus as you get older?

A

atrophies

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10
Q

What organ produces white blood cells in a fetus?

A

Liver/spleen

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11
Q

Where are the active sites for lymphopoiesis?

A

Spongey regions at the end of long bones vertebral bones Sternum ribs flat bones cranium pelvis

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12
Q

label the structure of the lymph node?

A

Add picture

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13
Q

In the lymph node, what cell is found in the cortex area?

A

B cell

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14
Q

In the In the lymph node, what cell is found in the paracortex area?

A

T cell

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15
Q

What are the two main types of tissue in the spleen?

A

Red pulp and white pulp

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16
Q

What does the red pulp do in the spleen?

A

Generel filter for blood

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17
Q

What does white pulp do in the spleen?

A

White pulp is the lymphoid tissue and constitutes the major initiator of responses to blood-borne antigens.

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18
Q

Which part of the spleen surrounds the the central arteriole and and has a high concentration of lymphiod tissue?

A

the periarterial lymphatic sheath (PALS)

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19
Q

what is a mucosa?

A

a mucous membrane

20
Q

What does MALT stand for?

A

Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (malt)

21
Q

What is MALT?

A

aggregates of lymphiod tissue which do not have a tougher outer capsule

22
Q

What is the name of the structure that enables naive lymphocytes to enter the secondary lymphoid organs from the blood?

A

High endothelial venue

23
Q

Describe the mechanisms in which naive lymphocytes enter the lymph nodes?

A

Step 1-Rolling Step 2-activation Step 3-Arrest/adhesion Step 4- Transendothelial migration

24
Q

What do lymphocytes look like under a microscope?

A

Agranular white blood cells have few or no granules in the cytoplasm Small cells with agranular cytoplasm and a large nucleus

25
Q

What is the cluster of differentiation system?

A

It is a way of identifying cell surface molecules present on leukocytes.

26
Q

What receptor do all T cells express?

A

CD3

27
Q

What are CD markes used for?

A

used to discriminate between cells of the haematopoietic system (and other cells

28
Q

Name some of the CD markers that B lymphocytes express?

A

CD19 and CD20

29
Q

Name the three main structures of the lymph node?

A

Cortex Paracortex Medulla

30
Q

In which part of the lymph node is the B cell located?

A

The cortex

31
Q

In which part of the lymph node is the T cell located?

A

The paracortex

32
Q

Lable the diagram of the spleen?

A

add pic

33
Q

Name the two types of tissues located in the spleen?

A

Red pulp and white Pulp

34
Q

What is the function of red pulp?

A

acts as a general filter for blood

35
Q

What is the function of white pulp?

A

White pulp is lymphiod tissue and constitutes the major initiator of responses to blood-borne antigens

36
Q

Which part of the spleen is B cells located?

A

Germinal Centre

37
Q

Which part of the spleen are T cells located?

A

Periarterial lymphatic sheath (PALS)

38
Q

What does MALT stand for?

A

mucosa associated lymphoid tissue

39
Q

Name some examples of MALT?

A

The tonsils, the Peyer patches within the small intestine, and the vermiform appendix are examples of MALT.

40
Q

Summarise the recirculation of lymphocytes?

A

Naive lymphocytes circulate constantly from the blood into the secondary lymphiod tissue They leave the vasculature through specialised sections of the post capillary venule known as the High Endothelial Venule (HEV) They move from the lymph node to the lymphiod vessels and eventually return to the blood via the thoracic duct In the prescence of an infection cells which recognise infectious angents are held in the lymphiod tissue where they proliferate and differentiate

41
Q

Name the features of lymphocytes?

A

Small cells with agranular cytoplasm and a large nucleus

42
Q

Explain the use of CD (clusters of differentiation) markers for discrimination between lymphocytes?

A

the CD system is a way of identifying cell surface molecules present on leukocytes using monoclonal antibodies. each set of antibodies that recognise a particular molecule forms a cluster

43
Q

What are Surface molecules on cells of the immune system (and other cells) are named by?

A

Cluster of Differentiation (CD) nomenclature system

44
Q

Name the differnces between t and b lymphocytes?

A

T lymphocytes express CD3 and only recognise processed antigen presented on cell surfaces by specialised molecules: B lymphocytes express CD19 and CD20 and can recognise intact, free antigen.

45
Q

What are germinal centres and where are they located?

A

Germinal centers or germinal centres (GCs) are sites within secondary lymphoid organs – lymph nodes and the spleen[1] where mature B cells proliferate, differentiate, and mutate their antibody genes (through somatic hypermutationaimed at achieving higher affinity), and switch the class of their antibodies (for example from IgM to IgG) during a normal immune response to an infection. They develop dynamically after the activation of follicular B cells by T-dependent antigen.

Year 1-Immunology-Mubarak (8 decks)

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