IMMS Anatomy Flashcards
To learn anatomy booklet questions
what is atherosclerosis and what problems can it cause
degeneration of a vessel wall caused by calcification or plaque formation. It leads to progressive luminal narrowing, thrombosis of the plaque and possible aneurysms/ rupturing of the vessels wall.
what is myocardial infarction
death of the heart muscle
what is angina
pain mediated through the sympathetic nerves to the myocardium, normally caused by ischaemia
how do the mitral and tricuspid valves work
they open passively when the atria contract. When the ventricles contract, the tension on the chordae tendinae and the blood flowing behind the valves forces them shut. The papillary muscles attach the chords to the ventricle wall and ensure that they remain an optimal length- prevent inversion of the valves
2 common causes of valvular heart disease
rheumatic fever and endocarditis
what is the purpose of having cartilage in the trachea and main bronchi
stops the airways from collapsing above the first rib on inspiration and below the 1st rib on forced expiration
do the tachea and main bronchi have muscles in them and why
yes to alter the calibre of the airways
which bronchus is a foreign object most likely to end up when its inhaled and why
right bronchus, it is straighter and shorter
where do you listen to the upper lobes of the lungs
anteriorly high up on the chest wall
where would you listen to the right middle lobe
5th intercostal space just right of the sternum
how far does the lung project above the clavicle
3cm or 2 finger breadths
what organs do the lungs overlap in the abdomen?
stomach, liver, spleen, upper poles of the kidneys, adrenal glands
how do you distinguish between the vessels in the hilum of the lung?
bronchus has cartilaginous rings, vein has a larger lumen and thinner muscle wall than the artery. The veins tend to be posterior and arteries superior
Name three strucutres at the hilum of the lungs except the pulmonary artery, vein and bronchus
bronchial artery, lymphatics and sympathetic nerves
how many lobes does the right lung have
3 lobes, the left only has 2
what is pleural effusion
blood/fluid between the layers of pleura around the lungs (pleural space)
what is a pneumothorax
air in the pleural space
how many pairs of ribs are there?
12 pairs, 7 articulate with the sternum, ribs 8-10 articulate with costal cartilages and ribs 11-12 are floating
what is an intercostal space, and how many are there on each side?
a space between 2 adjacent ribs, 11 on each side
what are the contents of the intercostal space
intercostal artery, vein and nerve
name the different parts of the rib
head, neck, tubercle, shaft
which vertebre lies in the same horizontal plane as the sternal angle?
T4
which rib articulates with the sternal angle
2nd rib
what are bronchioles
terminal branches of the bronchial tree, they do not have cartilage
what happens to bronchioles in asthma
they constrict and become fibrosed
name the organs in the abdomen which have a mesentry
ileum, jejnum, transverse colon, sigmoid colon, stomach
name the organs in the abdomen which are retroperitoneal
duodenum, descending colon, ascending colon, caecum, rectum
what branch off the aorta supplies the foregut
coeliac axis
what branch off the aorta supplies the midgut
superior mesenteric artery
which branch off the aorta supplies the hindgut
inferior mesenteric artery
