CV and Respiratory Flashcards
where is the pectoralis major inserted?
the humerus
define the terms origin and insertion
origin is where the muscle orignates from- does not move and insertion is where it attaches to- moves when muscle contracts
which nerves supply the pectoralis major
medial and lateral pectoral nerves arising from the brachial plexus
actions of the pectoralis major?
adduction of the humerus, medial rotation of the humerus
surface markings of the apex of the lung
3cm or 2 finger breadths above the anterior end of the clavicle
surface markings of the lower border of the lung
4th sternal edge, 6th midclavicular, 8th midauxillary, 10 posteriorly
surface markings of the lower border of the pleural cavity
anteriorly 8th rib, midclavicular 10th, posteriorly 12th rib
surface markings of the oblique fissure
on both lungs- posteriorly starting at the 4th rib following the line of the scapular along the 5th rib, ending anteriorly at the 6th rib
surface markings of the horizontal fissure
on right lung only (has 3 lobes) follows 4th costal cartilage
name the accessory muscles of respiration
Don’t (diaphragm) Exercise (external intercostal muscles) In (internal intercostals) Quicksand (quadratus lumborium) also pectoralis major
what is the development significance of the ligamentum arteriosum
it is a shunt from the pulmonary artery to the aorta to bypass the lungs in foetal life as they are not exposed to Oxygen
what are the main branches of the left common carotid artery and what do they supply?
internal- most of the cerebrum and external carotids- the face and upper neck
what tissues does the left subclavian artery supply
the left arm and some of the shoulder and neck
what are the main branches off the aortic arch in order
brachiocephalic artery, left common carotid and left subclavian
what does the phrenic nerve supply and which vertebrae does is arise from
C3,4,5 Supplying the diaphragm
where does the phrenic nerve enter the diaphragm
it enters through the oesophageal hiatus in the diaphragm at T10
surface markings of the apex of the heart
5thh intercostal space, midclavicular.
Atheroma
A degenerative hardening and blood vessel. Causes an accumulation of lipid in vessel walls
What is the principal route of lymphocyte migration?
Via blood vessels
What cells line the mitral valve
Vascular endothelial cells line the mitral valve
Composition of the AV node
The av node is composed of speicalisrd muscle fibres
Amyloid deposition
An inertprotein deposited in blood vessels involved in the inflammatory response but not atherma formation
Infundibulum
The funnel shaped cavity/ orifice which leads to semilunar valves from the ventricles in the heart
Function of chordae tendinae
Connect the tricuspid and bicuspid valves to the papillary muscles
Function of papillary muscles
Ensure the chordae tendinae are at optimal length for opening and closing the atrio ventricular valves during contraction and relaxation
Diastole and systole
Relaxation and contraction of the heart muscle
what is the respiratory zone of the lungs?
this is the area from the respiratory bronchioles onwards
where is the
conduction zone of the lungs?
from the top of the trachea to the beginning of the respiratory bronchioles
describe the bohr effect
haemoglobins affinity to oxygen is inversely proportional to both the acidity and concentration of CO2. IE the more CO2 and more acidic the blood is the less likely oxygen is to bind with haemoglobin.
Define respiratory quotent
the ratio of CO2 produced to O2 consumed- roughly 0.8
What is the foremen ovals and what happens if it fails to close?
An area in the inter atrial septum which allows blood to flow from the right atrium to the left in the foetus. If it does not close, venous and arterial blood will mix which can lead to cyanosis, because the oxygen saturation of the blood has been reduced.
What 2 conditions show fine end respiratory crackels on examination?
idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and asbestosis
which enzyme is commonly elevated in the serum of a patient with sarcoidosis?
serum ACE level
