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DIT Immunology > Imm 7 - Macrophages, Granulocytes, Cytokines > Flashcards

Imm 7 - Macrophages, Granulocytes, Cytokines Flashcards

1
Q

Where do T cells reside in the spleen?

A

In PALS (periarterial lymphatic sheet) that is in the white pulp. (Also found in paracortex in lymph nodes).

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2
Q

Where do Antigen Presenting Cells reside in the spleen?

A

In the marginal zone of the white pulp.

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3
Q

What does the spleen do?

A

Macrophages in the spleen remove damaged RBCs and encapsulated bacteria. Sequester and store platelets and RBCs.

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4
Q

Why is it important to immunize aspleenic patients against encapsulated bacteria?

A

Because the spleen contains macrophages that remove encapsulated bacteria. With no spleen, no one to do that.

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5
Q

What are the 8 important encapsulated bacteria?

A

[Even Some Pretty Nasty Killers Have Shiny Bodies] E.coli. S.pneumoniae. Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Neisseria meningitidis. Klebsiella pneumoniae. Haemophilus influenza type B. Salmonella typhi. Group B Streptococcus.

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6
Q

What three encapsulated bacteria do we have vaccines for?

A

S.pneumoniae. Haemophilus influenza type B. Neisseria meningitidis. [SHN]

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7
Q

What would be three causes of removing the spleen?

A

Sickle cell patients w/ autoinfarction. Trauma. Hereditary spherocytosis.

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8
Q

How do we get macrophages?

A

Monocytes leave bone marrow for blood. They circulate for 8 to 12 hours to mature and migrate into tissue, specifically blood, alveoli and intestines to become macrophages.

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9
Q

What do monocytes become in the Blood, alveoli, and intestines?

A

Macrophages.

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10
Q

What do monocytes become in the Joints?

A

A cells.

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11
Q

What do monocytes become in the connective tissue?

A

Histiocytes.

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12
Q

What do monocytes become in the liver?

A

Kupffer cells.

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13
Q

What do monocytes become in the Kidney?

A

Mesangial cells.

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14
Q

What do monocytes become in the Brain?

A

Microglia.

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15
Q

What do monocytes become in the Bone?

A

Osteoclasts.

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16
Q

What is the differential diagnosis for serum eosinophilia?

A

[DNAAACP] Drugs (NSAIDs, peniciliins/cephalosporins). Neoplasm. Allergies, asthma (Churg-Strauss), allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Adrenal insuff (Addison disease). Acute interstitial nephritis. Collagen vascular disease (PAN, dermatomyositis). (Other: HIV, Hyper-IgE syndrome, hypereosinophilic syndrome, coccidioidomycosis, and numerous other potential causes).

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17
Q

What does CD14 on macrophages do?

A

CD14 binds LPS (endotoxin) of G(-) bacteria causing induction of macrophages to generate acute phase cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha),

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18
Q

What do macrophages do?

A

Phagocytose and digest bacteria. Phagocytose cell debris and clean up wounds. Present antigens. Can combine and form multinucleated giant cells in granulomas (secrete vitamin D). They are motivated to phagocytose bacteria that are opsonized (coated w/ IgG and C3b).

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19
Q

How do macrophages digest bacteria and cellular debris?

A

Generate oxygen free radicals using NADPH oxidase.

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20
Q

What are the three types of granulocytes in the blood?

A

Eosinophils. Basophils. Neutrophils.

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21
Q

What do Mast cells do?

A

Found in tissue, they contain granules of histamine.

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22
Q

What drug prevents mast cell degranulation?

A

Cromolyn.

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23
Q

What does IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, and IL-5 do?

A

[Hot T-Bone stEAk] IL-1: Fever (hot), 2: T cells, 3: Bone marrow, 4: IgE and IgG production, 5: IgA production and eosinophils.

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24
Q

What cytokines are secreted by T cells?

A

IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IFN-gamma.

25
Q

What does IL-2 do?

A

Stimulates proliferation of helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells. A potent stimulator of immune system, a lot of immunosuppressors work by inhibiting IL-2.

26
Q

What does IL-3 do?

A

Supports bone marrow stem cell growth. Acts like a Granulocyte-Macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF).

27
Q

Which type of T cells make IL-4 and IL-5?

A

T helper 2 cells (Th2).

28
Q

What does IL-4 do?

A

Stimulate B cell proliferation. Stimulates production of IgE and IgG. Induces T helper zero (Th0) cells to become Th2 cells.

29
Q

What does IL-5 do?

A

Stimulates IgA production. Stimulates eosinophils.

30
Q

What does IL-10 do?

A

Comes from Th2 cells, they inhibit macrophages and Th1 cells.

31
Q

What does IFN-gamma do?

A

Activates macrophages.

32
Q

What interferons are produced by virus infected cells and what does it do?

A

They release IFN-alpha y IFN-beta which help neighboring cells to avoid virus infection by 2 mechs: Inhibit cellular protein synthesis and encourage activation of ribonulease that degrades viral mRNA.

33
Q

What are the three acute phase cytokines?

A

IL-1 (Fever), IL-6 (fever), TNF-alpha(septic shock and leukocytes recruitment).

34
Q

What are three neutrophil chemotactic agents?

A

IL-8. C5a. Leukotriene B4.

35
Q

What does IL-12 do?

A

Induces Th0 cells to become Th1 cells. Activates NK cells.

36
Q

What are Recombinant cytokines?

A

Drugs that mimic cytokines.

37
Q

What is Aldesleukin?

A

A recombinant IL-2. Stimulates T cells. Used in Renal cell carcinoma and Metastatic melanoma.

38
Q

What are two Granulocyte-Macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) analogs?

A

Filfrastim. Sargramostim.

39
Q

What is Oprelvekin?

A

IL-11 derivative. Used to treat thrombocytopenia.

40
Q

In what disease can we use IFN-alpha?

A

Genital warts. Hep B and C. Kaposi sarcoma. Hairy cell leukemia. Melanoma.

41
Q

In what disease can we use IFN-beta?

A

Multiple sclerosis.

42
Q

In what disease can we use IFN-gamma?

A

Chronic granulomatous disease.

43
Q

Which cytokine more than any other should be known as the macrophage-activating cytokine?

A

IFN-gamma.

44
Q

What are the acute phase cytokines that are produced by macrophages?

A

Il1, Il6, TNF alpha.

45
Q

What cytokine matches the following statement: Promotes B cell growth and differentiation.

A

IL4,IL5.

46
Q

What cytokine matches the following statement: produced by Th1 cells.

A

IL2, IFN-gamma.

47
Q

What cytokine matches the following statement: Th2 cells.

A

IL2, IL4,IL5, IL10.

48
Q

What cytokine matches the following statement: Involved in growth and activation of eosinophils.

A

IL5.

49
Q

What cytokine matches the following statement: secreted by helper T cells and activates macrophages.

A

IFN-gamma.

50
Q

What cytokine matches the following statement: inhibits macrophage activation.

A

IL-10.

51
Q

What cytokine matches the following statement: pyrogens secreted by monocytes and macrophages/

A

IL1, IL6.

52
Q

What cytokine matches the following statement: inhibits production of Th1 cells.

A

IL10.

53
Q

What cytokine matches the following statement: Inhibits the production of Th2 cells.

A

IFN-gamma.

54
Q

What cytokine matches the following statement: mediate inflammation.

A

IL1,IL6, TNF alpha.

55
Q

What cytokine matches the following statement: enhances synthesis of IgE and IgG.

A

IL4.

56
Q

What cytokine matches the following statement: Enhances synthesis of IgA.

A

IL5.

57
Q

What cytokine matches the following statement: released by virus-infected cells.

A

IFN alpha. IFN beta.

58
Q

What cytokine matches the following statement: supports growth and differentiation of bone marrow stem cells.

A

IL3.

59
Q

What cytokine matches the following statement: Supports T cell proliferation, differentiation and activation.

A

IL2.

DIT Immunology (10 decks)

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