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DIT Immunology > Imm 0 > Flashcards

Imm 0 Flashcards

1
Q

What muscles and nerves are derived from the first brachial arch?

A

[The Ms and Ts] Muscles (muscles of mastication, mylohyoid muscle, Tensor tympani, Tensor veli palatini). Nerves (Maxillary and mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve).

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2
Q

Which amino acids are found in large concentrations in elastin?

A

Glycine and proline.

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3
Q

What is the mechanism of action of adenosine as an antiarrhythmic?

A

Increases the outward K+ current, hypolarizing the cell, and decreases intracellular Ca2+.

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4
Q

What muscles and nerves are derived from the second brachial arch?

A

[The S’s] Nerve: CN Seven (muscles of facial expression). Muscle: Stapedius, Stylohyoid.

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5
Q

What is the antidote for opioids?

A

Naloxone or naltrexone.

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6
Q

What is the antidote for Benzodiazepines?

A

Flumazenil.

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7
Q

What is the antidote for Tricyclic antidepressants?

A

Alkalinize the urine w/ sodium bicarb.

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8
Q

What is the antidote for Heparin?

A

Protamine.

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9
Q

What is the antidote for Warfarin?

A

Vitamin K. Immediate antidote is fresh frozen plasma.

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10
Q

What is the antidote for Theophylline?

A

Beta blockers.

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11
Q

How does hyperkalemia affect the shape of T waves?

A

Tall, peaked T waves. (T waves mirror the K+ levels).

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12
Q

What muscles and nerves are derived from the third brachial arch?

A

Muscle: Stylopharyngeus muscle. Nerve: Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX).

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13
Q

What drug category is often used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis?

A

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (Ex: pyridostigmine, physostigmine).

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14
Q

To which class of antiarrhythmics does Sotalol belong?

A

Technically a Beta blocker but strongest action is on K+ channels which would make it Class III.

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15
Q

To which class of antiarrhythmics does Propranolol belong?

A

Beta blockers are Class II.

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16
Q

To which class of antiarrhythmics does Bretylium belong?

A

Class III.

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17
Q

To which class of antiarrhythmics does Quinidine belong?

A

Class I.

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18
Q

What muscle and nerves are derived from the fourth and sixth brachial arch?

A

Muscles: Cricothyroid, Levator veli palatini, and all of the muscles of the larynx. Nerves: Recurrent laryngeal, superior laryngeal.

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19
Q

What defect is associated with the following type of murmur: Pansystolic (holosystic) murmur best heard at the apex, often radiates to the left axila.

A

Mitral regurgitation.

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20
Q

What defect is associated with the following type of murmur: Crescendo/decrescendo systolic murmur heard best in the 2nd-3rd right interspace close to the sternum.

A

Aortic stenosis.

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21
Q

What defect is associated with the following type of murmur: Late systolic murmur usually preceded by a mid-systolic click.

A

Mitral prolapse.

22
Q

What defect is associated with the following type of murmur: Early diastolic decrescendo murmur heard best along the left side of the sternum.

A

Pulmonic regurgitation.

23
Q

What defect is associated with the following type of murmur: late diastolic decresendo murmur heard best along the left side of the sternum.

A

Tricuspid stenosis.

24
Q

What heart defect is associated w/ Chromosome 22q11 deletion?

A

Truncus arteriosus and tetralogy of Fallor.

25
Q

What heart defect is associated w/ Congenital rubella?

A

PDA or pulmonary artery stenosis.

26
Q

What heart defect is associated w/ Turner syndrome?

A

Coarctation of the aorta and bicuspid aortic valve.

27
Q

What heart defect is associated w/ Marfan syndrome?

A

Aortic insufficiency.

28
Q

Which organism’s exotoxin works via the following mechanism: Inactivates EF-2.

A

Corynbacterium diphtheriae. Pseudomonas (exotoxin A).

29
Q

Which organism’s exotoxin works via the following mechanism: Activates Gs.

A

Vibrio cholerae. E.coli (ETEC heat-labile toxin).

30
Q

Which organism’s exotoxin works via the following mechanism: Disables Gi?

A

Pertussis toxin.

31
Q

Which organism’s exotoxin works via the following mechanism: Bacterial adenylate cyclase (no G protein involved).

A

Bacillus anthracis.

32
Q

Which organism’s exotoxin works via the following mechanism: Blocks GABA and glycine.

A

Clostridium tetani.

33
Q

What drug is used to help make the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis?

A

Edrophonium (“Tensilon test”).

34
Q

What heart sound is associated w/ dilated congestive heart failure? With chronic hypertension and a stiffened left ventricle?

A

For Dilated CHF: S3 heart sound. Chronic HTN + Stiffed LV: S4 heart sound.

35
Q

What gives rise to the jugular venous a, c, and v waves?

A

A wave: atrial contraction. C wave: ventricular contraction. V wave: Atrial filling against closed tricuspid valve.

36
Q

Which heart murmur is associated w/ weak pulses?

A

Aortic stenosis.

37
Q

What findings are associated w/ Ehlers-Danlos syndrome?

A

Easy bleeding or bruising. Hyperextensible skin. Joint hypermobility. Dislocated joints. Aneurysms.

38
Q

What heart sounds are considered benign when there is no evidence of disease?

A

Split S1. Split S2 on inspiration. S3 heart sound in patient less than 40. Early, quiet systolic murmur.

39
Q

Which organisms do not take Gram stain?

A

Treponema (too thin). Rickettsia, Chlamydia, Legionella (they are intracellular). Mycoplasma (no cell wall). Mycobacteria (too much lipid in their cell wall).

40
Q

What is the Cause of Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy?

A

Deletion of gene for dystrophin. Degeneration of individual muscle fibers.

41
Q

A pregnant patient comes to the clinic complaining of new dark pigmentation on her face. What is the likely diagnosis?

A

Melasma (mask of pregnancy).

42
Q

A woman that is breastfeeding develops redness and swelling of her right breast over a period of 24 hours. Examination reveals a warm, fluctuant mass. What is the diagnosis?

A

Mastitis.

43
Q

A 55-y.o man who is a smoker and heavy drinker presents w/ a new cough and flu-like symptoms. Gram Stain shows now organisms; silver stain of sputum shows gram-negative rods. What is the diagnosis?

A

Legionella pneumophila (Legionnaire’s disease).

44
Q

What defect is associated with the following type of murmur: Rumbling late diastolic murmur w/ an opening snap.

A

Mitral stenosis.

45
Q

What defect is associated with the following type of murmur: pansystolic (or holosystolic) murmur best heard along the left lower sternal border, generally radiates to the right lower sternal border.

A

Tricuspid regurgitation. Ventricular septal defect.

46
Q

What defect is associated with the following type of murmur: high-pitched diastolic murmur associated w/ a widened pulse pressure.

A

Aortic regurgitation.

47
Q

What defect is associated with the following type of murmur: Cresscendo/decrescendo systolic murmur heard best at the 2nd-3rd left interspace close to the sternum.

A

Pulmonic stenosis.

48
Q

What defect is associated with the following type of murmur: continuous machine-like murmur occuring both in systole and diastole?

A

Patent ductus arteriosus.

49
Q

Which antiarrhythmic has the SE of cinchonism?

A

Quinidine.

50
Q

What stain is required to see Cryptococcus?

A

India ink.

51
Q

What stain is required to see PCP?

A

Silver stain.

52
Q

What stain is required to see Chlamydia?

A

Giemsa stain.

DIT Immunology (10 decks)

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