IMH Topic 1 - The Historical context of mental health

Question 1

What was the belief in demonic possession regarding mental illness?

Answer 1

Evil spirits took possession of individuals and controlled their behavior

Question 2

What were trephines (trepanes) used for in Paleolithic times?

Answer 2

To provide an exit for demons or evil spirits from the skull

Question 3

Who first identified mental illness as a scientific phenomenon?

Answer 3

Hippocrates

Question 4

What did Hippocrates believe caused madness?

Answer 4

An imbalance of four humours

Question 5

What were the four humours according to Hippocrates?

Answer 5

Blood

Question 6

How was depression treated according to humourism?

Answer 6

Diets

Question 7

How were the mentally ill treated in the 18th century according to animalism?

Answer 7

Like animals

Question 8

Who argued for the humane treatment of mental patients in the 1700s?

Answer 8

Philippe Pinel

Question 9

What did Pinel petition for regarding mental patients?

Answer 9

To remove chains and allow exercise in the open air

Question 10

What are the four definitions of dysfunctional behavior proposed by Rosenhan and Seligman?

Answer 10

Statistical infrequency

Question 11

What is statistical infrequency in defining abnormality?

Answer 11

Behavior is abnormal if it falls outside the norm

Question 12

What percentage of the UK population suffered from schizophrenia in 2012?

Answer 12

0.0345

Question 13

What is failure to function adequately in defining abnormality?

Answer 13

Inability to meet societal expectations and live a ‘normal’ life

Question 14

What is deviation from social norms in defining abnormality?

Answer 14

Behavior that deviates from expected or approved ways of behaving

Question 15

What is deviation from ideal mental health in defining abnormality?

Answer 15

Lack of positive self-perception

Question 16

What are the signs of abnormality according to Rosenhan and Seligman (1989)?

Answer 16

Suffering

Question 17

What are the main classification systems for mental disorders?

Answer 17

ICD

Question 18

What is the latest version of the DSM?

Answer 18

DSM 5

Question 19

What are the two main clusters of disorders in DSM 5?

Answer 19

Internalizing and externalizing disorders

Question 20

What information does DSM 5 include?

Answer 20

Gender and culture-related issues

Question 21

What are the validity issues in defining abnormality?

Answer 21

Subjectivity and bias in self-reports and clinician interpretations

Question 22

What are the reliability issues in defining abnormality?

Answer 22

Inconsistency in applying definitions

Question 23

What are the usefulness issues in defining abnormality?

Answer 23

Accuracy of definitions for effective treatment

Question 24

What are the ethnocentrism issues in defining abnormality?

Answer 24

Cultural differences in what is considered ‘abnormal’

Question 25

What was the aim of Rosenhan (1973) study?

Answer 25

To assess whether hospitals could tell the sane from the insane

Question 26

How many pseudo-patients were used in Rosenhan's study?

Answer 26

8

Question 27

What symptoms did the pseudo-patients report?

Answer 27

Hearing a voice saying 'empty'

Question 28

How many hospitals were tested in Rosenhan's study?

Answer 28

12

Question 29

What diagnosis did 11 hospitals give the pseudo-patients?

Answer 29

Schizophrenia

Question 30

What was the average time pseudo-patients spent in hospital?

Answer 30

19 days

Question 31

What were some observations of patient treatment in Rosenhan's study?

Answer 31

Little eye contact

Question 32

What was the 'stickiness of labels' in Rosenhan's study?

Answer 32

Patients' behaviors were interpreted as symptoms of their diagnosed disorder

Question 33

What was the follow-up study in Rosenhan's research?

Answer 33

Staff were told pseudo-patients would try to get admitted and were asked to rate patients

Question 34

What were the results of Rosenhan's follow-up study?

Answer 34

Staff rated 41 real patients as pseudo-patients

Question 35

What were the ethical considerations in Rosenhan's study?

Answer 35

Lack of consent

Question 36

What were the validity strengths of Rosenhan's study?

Answer 36

High ecological validity and use of both quantitative and qualitative data

Question 37

What were the reliability strengths of Rosenhan's study?

Answer 37

Multiple hospitals and controls

Question 38

What were the usefulness strengths of Rosenhan's study?

Answer 38

Led to changes in psychiatric hospital practices and diagnosis

Question 39

What are the symptoms of a major depressive episode?

Answer 39

Depressed mood

Question 40

What are the symptoms of schizophrenia?

Answer 40

Delusions

Question 41

What are the three categories of phobias?

Answer 41

Specific phobias

Question 42

What are the symptoms of agoraphobia?

Answer 42

Fear of public transport