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IMH Flashcards

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1
Q

Historical context: supernatural explanation

A

Animism

  • everyone has a soul
  • evil spirits have taken possession over a human body
  • called ‘parasitic spirits’ can be animals, ancestors
  • enter through work of magic evildoer or lack of faith
  • use trepanning (hole in brain) to allow spirits to escape to treat
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2
Q

Historical context: somatogenic explanation

A

Humourism
Hippocrates first to identify mental illness as scientific
Mental health issues a result of the imbalance of 4 humours (blood, black bile, yellow bile, phlegm)
Eg. Excess yellow bile is anxiety
Eg. Excess black bile depression (laxatives)

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3
Q

Historical context: Rosenhan & Seligman 4 ways defining abnormality

A

Statistical infrequency
Failure to function adequately
Deviation from social norms
Deviation from ideal mental health

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4
Q

Historical context: define abnormality- statistical infrequency

A

Anything statistically rare is abnormal

Eg. 3.45% UK population schizophrenic

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5
Q

Historical context: define abnormality- failure to function adequately

A

This is when they are unable to perform tasks in everyday life that are social expectations
Eg. Not going to work, not maintaining hygiene

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6
Q

Historical context: define abnormality- deviation from social norms

A

Don’t demonstrate expected/approved behaviour by society

Eg. 80 y/o becoming punk defies social norms of age group

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7
Q

Historical context: define abnormality- deviation from ideal mental health

A 
Ideal mental health: 
- positive 
- independent 
- accurate perceptions of reality 
- positive social interaction 
Deviate from this if: 
- maladaptiveness
- unpredictable 
- inaccurate perceptions of reality 
- suffer from consequences of their own behaviour
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8
Q

Historical context: categorising mental disorders- DSM-5

A 
Version 5 published 2013 
- 22 categories of mental health disorders 
Example of category: Anxiety disorders
- specific phobias 
- social phobia 
- panic disorder 
There are also.. 
Internalising disorders: 
- mood (cognitive symptoms) 
Externalising disorders: 
- impulsive, disruptive (behavioural symptoms)
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9
Q

Historical context: aim

Rosenhan

A

See if mental hospitals in USA could tell sane from insane

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10
Q

Historical context: sample

Rosenhan

A

12 hospitals from 5 states in USA

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11
Q

Historical context: Rosenhan general method

A

8 same people phoned 12 mental hospitals

  • reported hearing voice of the same sex saying ‘empty’ ‘hollow’ ‘thud’
  • once admitted to hospital they stopped simulating any symptoms, took part in regular activities
  • took notes on staff and patients
  • all admitted
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12
Q

Historical context: Method

Rosenhan (follow up)

A

Told sending one or more pseudo patients to a hospital to try and be admitted
- staff rate each person how likely they were a real patient 1/2 (confident pseudo)

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13
Q

Historical context: results

Rosenhan

A

11 hospitals gave diagnosis schizophrenia, 1 diagnosed manic depression

  • average 19 days hospital
  • never discovered as fake
  • real patients suspected ‘you’re not crazy’ accused of being journalist
  • patient beaten in front of other patients
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14
Q

Historical context: results

Rosenhan (follow up)

A

At least 1 staff member rated 41 patients as pseudo

At least 1 psychiatrist rated 23 as pseudo

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15
Q

Historical context: characteristics of an affective disorder

A

Depression:
Have to have 1/2 symptoms:
- depressed mood most of day, nearly everyday
- markedly diminished interest of pleasure in almost all activities most of day, nearly everyday
5+ symptoms altogether within 2 weeks:
- insomnia/excessive sleep
- fatigue/loss of energy
- lack of ability to think, concentrate, decisions
(All nearly everyday)
Symptoms must not be caused by anything else and cause clinically significant distress/impairment in functioning

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16
Q

Historical context: characteristics of psychotic disorder

A 
Schizophrenia 
Two or more symptoms in one month:
1 symptom must be 
- delusion
- hallucination
- disorganised speech 
Second one can be: 
- grossly disorganised/catatonic behaviour 
- diminished emotional expression 
Positive symptoms is addition of new behaviours 
Negative symptoms takes away normal behaviours 
- level of functioning should get lower
17
Q

Historical context: characteristics of an anxiety disorder

A 
Phobias
- intense, severed and irrational fear that produced physiological response (may go extreme lengths to avoid)
Can be classified specific, agoraphobia, social phobia 
Agoraphobia: 
marked fear/anxiety about two or more: 
- public transport
- enclosed spaces
- outside of home alone
- being in open spaces 
- standing in crowd 
Almost always provoked anxiety attack
18
Q

Alternative to medical model: behaviourist (classical conditioning)

A

Watson & Raynor

  • when white rat with Albert, loud noise made
  • Albert soon associated the rat with the scary noise and cried when given the rat
  • later generalised to white fluffy things like rabbits
19
Q

Alternate to medical model: behaviourist- operant conditioning

A

Minor fears reinforced
Eg. Slight fear response of large dog- comfort from parents seen as a ‘reward’
- behaviour repeated to get the reward of comfort

20
Q

Alternate to medical model: behaviourist- SLT

A

Behaviour observed and imitated

- child sees adult scared of spider, they imitate these fear responses

21
Q

Alternate to medical model: cognitive explanation- Ellis

A

Faulty cognition:
Irrational thoughts can cause and sustain mental illness
Faulty cognitions can be summarised in 3 statements:
- I must be outstandingly competent, or I am worthless
- others must treat me considerably, or they are horrible
- the work should always give me happiness, or I will die
These are highly unrealistic expectations, therefore when not met, likely to feel like a failure and possibly lead to depression

22
Q

Alternate to medical model: psychodynamic explanation

A

Unconscious memories & feelings will manifest themselves in abnormal behaviours and personality disorders
- often come from unresolved conflicts experienced as a child
- conflicts between Id, ego, superego create anxiety
Id:
- demands gratification
Superego:
- puts moral restraints on id
- if we have into id we will be punished with guilt
Ego:
- uses defence mechanisms to stop conflicts damaging ourselves (overuse can lead to disturbed behaviour)
Schizophrenia:
- ego controls demands of id and power of superego
- cold, rejecting mother can lead to ineffective ego (demand of id cannot be controlled)
- leads to loss accurate perception of reality (cannot tell where fantasies and and realities begin)
Treatment:
- psychoanalysis
- being unconscious to conscious to resolve conflict

23
Q

Alternate to medical model: behaviourist treatments- systematic desensitisation

A

Shows hierarchy of stimuli from least fearful to most
(Shows picture of stimuli then eventually sees stimuli in flesh)
- patient taught relaxation techniques such as deep muscle relaxation
- therapist takes patient step by step through hierarchy
- at each stage techniques used until patient does not feel anxious anymore
- can apply newly learnt responses to real life settings

24
Q

Alternate to medical model: behaviourist treatment- flooding

A

Present feared object directly

  • immediate fear response caused by adrenaline is not sustainable and so will eventually calm down
  • feeling of calm then associated
  • can cause panic and reinforcement of phobia
25
Q

Alternate to medical model: behaviourist treatment- aversion therapy

A
  • produces unpleasant association
  • often used for addiction
  • drug called an emetic used to make people sick
  • repeated pairings result in learned response of aversion to the substance
26
Q

Alternate to medical model: treatment of specific disorder- cognitive

A

RET- Ellis
- looks for irrational thoughts when patients are ‘awfulizing’
- dispute beliefs through talking therapy
- modification of distorted thinking also invoked teaching patient how to regulate these so they can deal with it independently
A- activating event
B- beliefs
C- consequences
Therapy adds next steps
D- disputing
E- effects

27
Q

Historical context: explanation- animalism

A

One thing that distinguishes humans from animals is ‘reason’

  • people lost capacity of reason so we’re treated like an animal
  • treatment aimed to restore reason:
  • fear was emotion best suited to restore reason
  • locked up, whipped
  • beloved didn’t have sensitivities of humans

Psychology (16 decks)

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