Environmental

Question 1

Czeisler et al aims

Answer 1

Investigate effects of taking properties of the human circadian system into account when designing work schedules, specifically in relation to direction in which shifts are rotated and the interval between changes in shifts

Question 2

Czeisler sample

Answer 2

153 male employees
85 workers on rotating shifts ‘phase advancing’ direction (mean age 31.4)
Control group 68 employees (mean age 27.3) Whose shifts did not rotate
@ great salt lake minerals and chemicals corporation in Utah

Question 3

Czeisler method

Answer 3

Initial self report
Rotating shifts experienced more insomnia
29% on rotating shift fell asleep at work in last 3 months
90% rotators complained schedule changed too often
Then gave all workers and managers video on the circadian cycle which contained suggestions and given an education booklet
Rotating group was split (all put on phase delay)
33 rotated every 7 days
52 rotated every 21 days
After 3 months they were given a questionnaire: personnel turnover and plant productivity was analysed

Question 4

Czeisler results

Answer 4

21 day roter:
Complaints that shifts changed too quick dropped to 20%
had significantly increased score in health index
Significant increase potash production
Turnover same as control group

Question 5

Czeisler conclusion

Answer 5

Work schedules that rotate by phase delay and extended interval between rotation are most compatible with circadian system

Question 6

Siffre summary

Answer 6

French man Siffre lived in cave 2 months
Completely dark other than lightbulb, below freezing temp
Slept when he wanted to
Sleep cycle became 24 hrs 30 mins
Humans have internal body clock

Question 7

Preckel et al

Answer 7

272 German children
5 schools given standardised chronotyoe questionnaire
Parents of 132 children filled out chronotyoe questionnaire based on their child
Owl significant negative indicator of GPA

Question 8

Costa et al

Answer 8

nurses found lightboxes effective to help them stay awake/perform better/tiredness/sleep patterns on night shifts
Light reduces melatonin production (sleep hormone) so tricks the body into thinking it’s day time
Implementation: change light on a plane depending on time zone they visit

Question 9

Hertheimer & Petrie

Answer 9

Melatonin naturally produced by pineal gland when dark
Phase advance travel is the worst (west to east) as pineal gland not instructed yet to induce melatonin
Man made supplements of sleep inducing hormone
For short term fix
9/10 studies found supplements effective treatment for jetlag
Implementation: manual given end of east bound flights with how to take melatonin and selling supplements in airports

Question 10

Ceiszler implementation

Answer 10

Start adapting sleeping pattern to new time zone in advance to flight and stick to this schedule
Rationale: workers on 21 day router had turnover as good as control group
Function better implying better sleep and productivity when have more time to adapt to new pattern

Question 11

Wells aim

Answer 11

Do men and women personalise workspace differently?
Is personalisation of workspace associated with enhanced employee well-being?
Is personalisation more important to women’s well-being than men?
Is a company’s personalisation policy associated with organisational well-being?

Question 12

Wells sample

Answer 12

Survey: 
Office workers in 20 small businesses in Orange County, California 
Volunteer sampling 
338 returned surveys 
Case studies: 
5 companies 
23 (15 women, 8 men) 
People with lots or no desk personalisation and not seeming busy picked

Question 13

Wells survey method

Answer 13

7 section survey:

• work personalisation
• satisfaction with physical work environment
• job satisfaction
• well being
• employee perspective of organisational well-being (staff morale)
• personality traits
• demographics

Question 14

Wells case study method

Answer 14

• tape recorded structured interview with open questions

- followed up with examination of workplace (observation with checklist and photo of workplace)

Question 15

Wells results (gender differences)

Answer 15

Women personalise more (11 items vs 8 items)
Women more likely to use symbols of their family
Men more likely to use achievements as sports paraphernalia
(Women use to express identity, men use to show status)
Survey did not show personalisation more important to women, case study showed it was “it’s a stress reliever” “wouldn’t work for a company which didn’t allow personalisation”

Question 16

Wells results (well-being and

Answer 16

Personalisation significantly positively associated with job satisfaction and indirectly with well-being
Companies with lenient personalisation policies reported positive organisational climate, greater employee morale (suggests good organisational well-being

Question 17

Wells conclusion

Answer 17

There can be practical implementations for business managers and office designers from this study
Not applicable to bigger companies or could be sue to other policies on the organisation

Question 18

Smith

Answer 18

Field observation
3 nationalities: US, French, West Germany
Size, depth and width of how territory marked at beaches was recorded
West Germany had larger territorial claims and places signs of sand castles
French could not grasp the concept of territoriality
Manage territorial behaviour:
Give each office opportunity to have anything to mark where their area starts so others respect their area
Get a French person to come in and speak about how territorial behaviour isn’t needed of it becomes an issue

Question 19

Hall

Answer 19

Zones of personal space 
Intimateo- 1&1/2 ft (intimate contacts) 
Personal- 1&1/2 - 4 (close friends) 
Social- 4-12 (business-like) 
Public- 12 (formal/the public)
Manage personal space: 
Have chairs 4-12ft apart in meeting rooms in offices as that is the zone of personal space comfortable for business-like encounters

Question 20

Middlemist

Answer 20

Used periscope to view in toilet cubicle 
3 conditions: 
Control- no one else in urinals 
Urinal leaving 1 space 
Urinal next to participant 

Invasions of space caused increased physiological arousal - causing delay in urination and decreasing length of urination
Implementation:
Have urinals a couple ft apart so more urinals will be willing to use at the same time and to avoid men being forced to invade each other’s personal space

Question 21

Sommer & Ross

Answer 21

Visited new hospital Canada to see why it was having depressing/isolating impact on patients
Chairs before lined up against the wall which made social contact difficult
Should use:
Socio-petal seating if you want them to socialise
Sociofugal if you don’t want to socialise (seats facing away from eachother)
Implementation:
Circular inward seating may discourage territorial behaviour as they socialise and feel unified so don’t mind sharing personal space
Socio-fugal:
Outward facing seats respect other’s personal space

Question 22

Wells implementation

Answer 22

Territory:
- put pictures relating to friendships between colleagues in communal areas in office
- put pictures of company’s achievements in communal area at workplace
Means everyone may be less fussed with marking territory for personal space as its personalised to their own company in ways men and women like
- make sure women can personalise their spaces to feel comfortable in their personal space as they find it more important