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Psychology > Biological Area > Flashcards

Biological Area Flashcards

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1
Q

Strengths and weaknesses of biological area

A 
Strengths 
- highly controlled (internal validity) 
- technical equipment 
- objective 
Weaknesses
- ecological validity 
- reductionist
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2
Q

Sperry aim

A

Study functions of independent hemispheres

Investigate effect of deconnecting the hemispheres

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3
Q

Sperry research methods

A

Quasi experiment

IV of having a split brain was naturally occurring

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4
Q

Sperry sample

A

11 patients who had undergone plot brain surgery

From surgery in USA (opportunity)

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5
Q

Sperry sample strengths and weaknesses

A 
Weaknesses 
Small 
2 had undergone surgery 4/5 years ago so brain may have adapted since 
Epilepsy may cause results NOT surgery 
Strengths 
Separate hemispheres 
No other choice than opportunity
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6
Q

Sperry equipment

A 
Tachistoscope 
Projector 
Fix action point 
Hand shield 
Objects on table
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7
Q

Sperry controls

A 
Visual 
- one eye covered 
- stimuli presented 1/10th of a second 
- asked verbally 
Tactile
- hands shielded from view 
- same task of picking up object and saying what it was 
- symbols, images, objects, fixation point, equipment
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8
Q

Overall results of Sperry

A

LH/RVF: responsible for language

RH/LVF: can communicate non-verbally but will not report seeing material verbally

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9
Q

Sperry ethics

A 
Uphold 
Consent 
Deception 
Withdrawal 
Break 
Protection from harm 
Confidentiality
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10
Q

Sperry reliability

A

Internal:
Controlled, yes
External:
Not large enough to establish consistent effect, 11

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11
Q

Validity: Sperry

A

Internal, construct:
May not have been testing hemispheres, brain may have adapted since surgery
External, population:
Can be generalised to people with split brain surgery
External, ecological:
Visual tasks true to life, tactile not

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12
Q

Sperry ethnocentrism

A

USA specific area of surgery

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13
Q

Sperry links to debates

A

Nature/nurture
Reductionism/holding
Scientific/non scientific

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14
Q

Blakemore and Cooper aims

A

Investigate how being raised in a visually restrictive environment would affect the visual brain development of cats

  1. Compare behavioural consequences
  2. Compare neurophysiological effect in visual cortex
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15
Q

B & C research methods

A

Lab experiment
Independent measures
IV- stripes
Controlled environment- stripes, light exposure

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16
Q

B & C sample

A

2 kittens

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17
Q

B & C Procedure

A 
First 2 weeks: 
- completely dark room
Two weeks- five months: 
- cylinder for 5 hours everyday 
- wore large black collar so couldn’t see their body 
After five months: 
- well lit room with furniture 
- behaviour observed
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18
Q

B & C controls

A 
Time in conditions 
Age 
Black collar 
Light exposure 
Stripes or horizontal lines
19
Q

B & C initial behavioural results

A
  • clumsy
  • visual deficits
  • navigate using touch
  • normal pupillary reflexes
  • no visual placing
  • deficits disappeared after 10 hours-
20
Q

B & C behavioural results after 10 hours

A
  • now have visual placing
  • startle reflex came back
  • still clumsy
21
Q

B & C behavioural results horizontal v vertical

A

Only startle with Perspex sheet with same lines exposed to when younger

Only chased a rod when same direction as lines exposed to when younger

Permanent

22
Q

B & C neurophysiological results

A

Visual neutron optimal orientation

Neurons optimal based on line direction

23
Q

B & C conclusions

A

Difference in kittens suggests neurons can change their preferred orientation according to the stimulation they receive, matching the ability of their brain to respond to the features in its visual input

24
Q

B & C ethical upheld

A

Benefits can outweigh cost

Reduced harm- only used 2 kittens, smaller sample

25
Q

B & C ethical issues

A

Pain & distress not minimised
Benefits may not outweigh costs- some permanent damage and information learned from this is not very applicable or useful

26
Q

B & C reliability

A

Internal:
Lots of controls so is standardised and replicable
External:
2 cats not able to suggest consistent effect
Biology is universal so may not need larger sample

27
Q

B & C validity

A

Internal: construct
Scientific results that show biological differences, can be sure to measure plasticity
Internal: concurrent
Can help to predict future behaviour
External: ecological
Very unlike any real life situation, not useful
External: population
Can only be generalised to certain species

28
Q

B & C ethnocentrism

A

Culture isn’t relevant as it was done from birth

29
Q

B & C link to debates

A 
Nature/nurture 
Ethical considerations 
Psychology as a science 
Individual- situational 
Usefulness of research
30
Q

Sperry procedure

A

Visual task:
Sat down 1 eye covered, stare at fixation point, image flashed 1/10 second
Asked to either name, draw or pick up object
Tactile:
Sat down hands shielded from view, pick up object 1 hand
Asked to either: name, point at or pick up object again

31
Q

Sperry conclusion

A

Each side has own consciousness

Lateralisation of function

32
Q

Maguire aims

A
  • investigate differences in the brain (hippocampus) of London Taxi Drivers
  • investigate function of hippocampus in spatial memory
  • investigate plasticity of brain
33
Q

Maguire research method

A

Quasi

Taxi driver IV naturally occurring

34
Q

Maguire experimental design

A

Independent measures (matched groups

35
Q

Maguire sample

A 
32 altogether (all male, all aged 32-62, all right handed) 
Taxi drivers: 
- 16 males 
- licensed for at least 18 months 
- all healthy 
Control group: 
- 16
36
Q

Maguire procedure

A

MRI scans converted into a picture where they measured volume of grey matter in hippocampus in two ways
1. Voxel based morphometry
- objective 3D measure of density calculated by a computer
2. Pixel counting
- 2D manual technique added up pictures from each slide
(Made unaware of which were taxi drivers)

37
Q

Maguire controls

A

Sample (age, gender, right handed)

38
Q

Maguire results

A

VBM analysis
- taxi drivers had increased grey matter volume on left and right side of posterior hippocampus but decreased in grey matter volume on anterior
Pixel counting found no difference

39
Q

Findings from correlations analysis: if relationship between time as taxi driver and hippocampal volume

A

Length of time and volume of hippocampus had positive correlation with right posterior
Negative correlation with right anterior hippocampus

40
Q

Maguire conclusion

A

Regional differences in brain structures of taxi drivers

Found brain plasticity- brain changes in response to demands of being a driver

41
Q

Maguire anterior vs posterior functioning

A

Posterior is involved with previously learned material

Anterior is involved with new kearning

42
Q

Maguire left and right hippocampus functioning

A 
Right= mental maps 
Left= memories and events
43
Q

Maguire validity

A 
Internal: 
- EV such as gender and health controlled, MRI means no demand characteristics, no researcher bias as not told which were taxi drivers 
- concurrent (2 tests) 
External: 
- MRI not true to life 
- population (limited range in sample)

Psychology (16 decks)

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