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The alimentary system > Imaging the abdomen > Flashcards

Imaging the abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

List the imaging modalities for the abdomen

A

X-ray (plain film) / Fluoroscopy

Ultrasound (US)

Computed Tomography (CT)

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

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2
Q

Which imaging modalities are cross sectional?

A

CT, MRI and ultrasound

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3
Q

What is the difference between spatial and contrast resolution?

A

Spatial- Number of megapixels

Contrast- differentiation of different soft tissue- Density, water or fat content

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4
Q

Which imaging modality is planar?

A

X-RAY

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5
Q

How do you differentiate between T1 and T2 weighted images?

A

T1 : fluid is black

T2 : fluid is white

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6
Q

What is contrast?

A

Agent used to increase contrast resolution (ie. highlight specific areas/organs)

Is given intravenously (IV), or enteral (oral/PR) before a scan

Is either more or less dense than surrounding tissues (for XR/CT), or paramagnetic (for MRI)

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7
Q

What is paramagnetic?

A

Affects the magnetic field

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8
Q

Give the pros and cons of X-ray

A

Pros: Cheap, Quick, Easy for patient, High spatial resolution (good for bone), Low radiation dose

Cons: Poor contrast resolution (poor for soft tissue) 
Planar imaging (superimposes structures)
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9
Q

Give the pros and cons of CT

A

Pros: Quick, widely available
Cross sectional images
High Contrast resolution (good for soft tissue)

Cons: Radiation dose, IV Contrast risks

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10
Q

Give the pros and cons of ultrasound

A

Pros: Cheap, Quick, No radiation, Cross sectional images, US guided interventions

Cons: Saved images are only a snapshot of examination (report operator dependant)

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11
Q

Give the pros and cons of MRI

A

Pros: Contrast resolution, Specific applications (e.g. Spine, MSK), No radiation

Cons: Limited availability, Patient experience (duration, claustrophobia), Expense, Magnet / Contrast risks

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12
Q

What are the risk of IV contrast?

A

Allergy

Kidney- renal dysfunction made worse - nephrotoxicity

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13
Q

What the difference between hollow and solid visceral imaging?

A

Hollow- tends to have gas

Solid- more tissue

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14
Q

What is the difference between intraperitoneal and retro-peritoneal?

A

Intraperitoneal- Inside the peritoneal and is coated all the way round
Retroperitoneal- behind the peritoneum on one said covered

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15
Q

What is the difference between the systemic and portal circulation?

A

Systemic- Blood around the body

Portal- blood from the gut to the liver

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16
Q

Give examples of solid abdominal viscera

A

Liver, spleen and pancreas

17
Q

What are the liver segments divided by?

A

Divided by portal vein (horizontally) & hepatic (vertically) veins (portal triad)

18
Q

What is a good first line test of the liver?

A

Ultrasound

19
Q

What is it called where there is colour on the ultrasound?

A

Doppler

Colour gives a clue about velocity

20
Q

What colour does fluid appear on an ultrasound?

A

Black

21
Q

How does the liver appear on ultrasound?

A

Grainy with black vessels and bile ducts

22
Q

Why should patients needing a gallbladder ultrasound be nil by mouth before?

A

Gall bladder contracts after you eat

Gain a better image

23
Q

On CT what is white?

A

Bone

24
Q

On CT what is black?

A

Air

25
Q

On CT when would the vessels appear white?

A

When contrast has been injected

26
Q

How long should you wait to get an arterial phase scan?

A

30 seconds

27
Q

How long should you wait to get a portal venous scan?

A

60-90 seconds

28
Q

Why may dilated bile ducts be seen?

A

Blockage present

29
Q

What is a good first line test to image the bowel?

A

X-ray in AP view

30
Q

What is a double contrast enema?

A

Barium and then air

31
Q

Why is double contrast enema good?

A

polyps and tumours

32
Q

What is difficult about double contrast enema?

A

Difficult in elderly patients

33
Q

What is done now instead of barium enemas?

A

CT colonography

34
Q

What is MRI of the small bowel used for?

A

Inflammatory bowel diseases

The alimentary system (21 decks)

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