Imaging Science Flashcards by Ralph Cinco

is the study of science, computing, and engineering theories behind the technology

Imaging Science

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interdisciplinary science and includes computer science, information science, decision science, management science, cognitive science and organizational theory

Informatics

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is a process of passing information from one person to another or form one place to another

Informatics

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Informatics fall under the purview of imaging and it can be

become more efficient
more effective
more reliable

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the word computer refers to

any general-purpose-stored-program electronic digital computer

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refers to a continuously varying quantity

Analog

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uses only two values that vary discretely through coding

Digital System

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are used in many commercial and scientific applications

Analog and Digital Meters

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are more easier to read and can be more precise

Digital Meters

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What is the first large-scale radiology application

Computed Tomography (CT)

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use computers similarly to the way other imaging system do

Magnetic resonance imaging and Diagnostic Ultrasonography

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making digital fluoroscopy and digital radiography routine

Computer control high-voltage-x-ray generator and radiographic control panels

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system have provided for development of teleradiography

Telecommunication

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has changed to way human resources are allocated for this task

Teleradiography

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which is transfer of images and patient date to remote locations for interpretation and filing

Teleradiography

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what is the earliest calculating tool

The Abacus

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was invented thousand of years ago in China and is still used in some parts of Asia

The Abacus

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in what century Blaise Pascal and Gottfried Leibniz built mechanical calculators

In 17th century

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In 17th century they built mechanical calculators using pegged wheels that could performed the four basic arithmetic functions add, minus, times, divide

Blaise Pascal and Gottfried Leibniz

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in what year Charles Babbage designed an analytic engine

In 1842

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In 1842 he designed an analytical engine that perform general calculations automatically

Charles Babbage

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In what year Herman Hollerith designed a tabulating machine

In 1890

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He designed tabulating machine to record census data

Herman Hollerith

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Hollerith’s company grew to become IBM.
IBM stand for?

International Business Machines Corporation

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is an American multinational information technology company headquartered

IBM Corporation

The company produces and cells?

computer hardware middleware and software and provides hosting and consulting services

In what year did John Atansoff and Clifford Berry designed electronic digital computer

In 1939

In 1939 they designed and built the first electronic digital computer

John Atansoff and Clifford Berry

In what year the British built the first fully operational working computer

In December 1943

the British built the first fully operational working computer called ____?

Colossus

which was designed to crack encrypted german military codes

Colossus

the first general-purpose modern computer was developed in what year

In 1944

where did the first general-purpose modern computer was developed in 1944

Harvard University

the first general-purpose modern computer was developed in 1944 at Harvard University. Originally called what??

Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC) or Mark I

it was an electromechanical devise that was exceedingly slow and was prone to malfunction

Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC) Mark I

it was an electromechanical devise that was exceedingly slow and was prone to malfunction

Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASSC) Mark I

the first general-purpose electronic computer was developed in what year

In 1946

Where did the first general-purpose electronic computer was developed in 1946

University of Pennsylvania

the first general-purpose electronic computer was developed in 1946 at the University of Pennsylvania by whom?

J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly

This computer was called ENIAC ENIAC stand for?

Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator

It contained more then 80,000 vacuum tubes that failed at an average rate of one every 7 minutes

ENIAC

In what year did William Shockley developed the transistor

In 1948

In 1948 Scientist led by ____ at the Bell Telephone Laboratories developed the transistor

William Shockley

Is an electronic switch that alternately allows or does not allow electronic signal to pass

Transistor

The transistor allowed Eckert and Mauchly of the Sperry-Rand Corporation to develop what??

UNIVAC universal automatic computer

appeared as the first commercially successful general purpose stored program electronic digital computer in the year 1951

UNIVAC

This incorporates more than 1 million transistors on a chip of silicon that measures less than 1cm on a side

Celeron microprocessor

computers were vacuum tube devices (1939-1958)

First generation

computers which became generally available in about 1958 were based on individually packaged transistor

Second generation

computers used integrated circuit which consist of many transistor and other electronic element

Third generation

appeared in 1975 was an extension of teh third generation and incorporated large-scale integration

Fourth generation

this is now been replaced by which places million of circuit elements on a chip that measures less than 1 cm

Very large-scale integration (VLSI)

a tiny piece of semiconductor material, usually silicon introduced in 1946

Chip

the microprocessor (chip) was developed in what year and by whom??

1971 by Ted Hoff of Intel Corporation

is everything about the computer that is visible

Hardware

the physical components of the system that includes the various input and output devices

input processing memory storage output and communication

translate what the user inputs into a series of 1s and 0s that the computer can understand

Computer Language

computer can accept and report alphabetical characters and numeric information

Binary System

the word digit comes from the latin word ____ and ____

finger and toe

one binary digit? 8 bit?

"bit" "bytes"

is expressed by the number of bytes that can be accomodated

computer capacity

is a primary element that allows the computer to manipulate and carry out software instructions

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

give an example of CPU

Intel Core i5 and AMD phenom II

is designed for large, high performance, multiuser or multitasking system

Pentium Processor

components that are connected by an electrical conductor

Bus

these control unit tells the computer how to carry out software instructions, which direct the hardware to perform a task

Bus

1 megahertz (MHz) =

1 million cycles per second

but todays microprocessor commonly run at up to??

1 GHz = 1000 MHz

but todays microprocessor commonly run at up to??

1 GHz = 1000 MHz

it is more active

memory

is more archival

storage

data can be stored or accessed at random from anywhere in main memory

Random Access Memory

chips are more widely use

DRAM (dynamic random access memory)

chios are more faster

SRAM (static random access memory)

retains it's memory even if power to the computer is lost

SRAM

requires more space and power

DRAM

is a working storage of a computer

Main Memory

contains information supplied that cannot be written on or erased

Read-only Memory (ROM)

what are the three variation or ROM chips

PROM EPROM EEPROM

chips are blank chips that can write program to. After the program is written, it cannot be erased

Programmable Read-only Memory (PROM)

chips, except that the content are erasable with the use of a special device that express the chip to ultraviolet light

Erasable Programmable Read-only Memory (EPROM)

chips can be reprogrammed with the use of special electronic impulses

Electronically Erasable Programmable Read-only Memory (EEPROM)

-temporary memory -can be changed or deleted - is a volatile memory

RAM

-permanent memory -cannot be changed or deleted -non-volatile memory

ROM

Is the main circuit board in a system unit

motherboard or system board

is required in the form of CD's Dvds, HDD and SSDs

secondary memory

is used to refers to a collection of data or information that is treated as a unit by the computer

File

a kilobyte/kb is ? a megabyte/mb is ? a gigabyte/gb is a terabyte/tb is ?

-1024 bytes -millions of bytes -1 billion bytes -1024 gigabytes

stores data and programs on a disc-shaped, flat piece of Mylar plastic

CD / compact disc

operate in the same manner but offer higher calacity

DVDs and Blue-ray Disc

are thin, rigid glass or metal platters, are tightly sealed in a hard disc drive and can also attached externally

HDDs / Hard Disc Drives

these drive are typically of a lower capacity and more expensive.

Solid-state Drive / SSD

consist of two or more-disc drives n a single cabinet

Redundant Array of Independent Disc / RAID

consist of devices that translate computer information into a form that human can undestand

output devices / output hardware

are thinner and lighter and consume less power than CRTs

flat panel displays / liquid crystal displays / LCD

are another form of output device and are categorized by the manner physically contacts the paper to print an image

Printer

photocopying machines images are created with dots on a drum it also used for medical imaging

Laser printers

images with little dots these printers electrically charge small drops of ink then quieter and less expensive

Inkjet Printers

converts data into a form that the computer can use

input devices

includes standard typewriter keys that are used to enter words

Keyboard

translate images if text, drawings, or photographs into a digital format

Scanners

translate analog sound into digital format

Audio input device

collects data directly form the environment and transmit them to a computer

Sensors

detects specific movement and characteristics of teh human body

Human biology input devices